The Z3 is a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. This is the world's first programmable automatic programmable digital computer. The Z3 is built with 2,600 relays, applying a 22-bit word length that operates at clock frequencies of about 4-5 Hz. The program code is stored in the perforated film, the initial value is entered manually.
The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941 but was not considered important, so it was never put into daily operation. Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace relays with full electronic switches, but funding was rejected during World War II because such development was deemed "unimportant to war". The original Z3 was destroyed on December 21, 1943 during the bombing of the Allies in Berlin. Z3 was originally called V3 ( Versuchsmodell 3 or Experimental Model 3) but was renamed not to be confused with the German V-weapon. A fully functional replica was built in the 1960s by the Zuse company, Zuse KG, and permanently displayed at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Z3 was demonstrated in 1998 in principle, Turing-complete. However, since it does not have a conditional branching, Z3 only satisfies this definition by speculatively computing all possible calculations.
Thanks to this machine and its predecessor, Konrad Zuse is often regarded as the inventor of computers.
Video Z3 (computer)
Design and development
Zuse designed the Z1 from 1935 to 1936 and made it from 1936 to 1938. Z1 is fully mechanical and only works for a few minutes at most. Helmut Schreyer advises Zuse to use different technologies. As a doctoral student at the Berlin Institute of Technology in 1937 he worked on the implementation of Boolean operations and (in today's terminology) flip-flops on the basis of vacuum tubes. In 1938, Schreyer demonstrated the circuitry on this base to a small audience, explaining his vision of electronic computing machines - but because the largest operational electronics contained far fewer tubes, it was considered impractical. That year when it presented plans for computers with 2,000 electron tubes, Zuse and Schreyer, who were assistants at the Telecommunications Institute Prof. Wilhelm StÃÆ'¤blein at the Technical University of Berlin, is not recommended by institute members who know about problems with electron tube technology.
Zuse decided to implement the next design based on the relay. The realization of Z2 is financially assisted by Dr. Kurt Pannke, who manufactures small counting machines. Z2 was completed and presented to the German speaking audience of Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fÃÆ'¼r Luftfahrt ("German Laboratory for Aviation") in 1940 at Berlin-Adlershof. Zuse is lucky - this presentation is one of the few examples where Z2 really works and can convince DVL to fund some of the next design.
Upgrading on a basic Z2 engine, he built the Z3 in 1941, which was a secret project of the German government. Dr. Joseph Jennissen (1905-1977), member of "Research-Leadership" ( ForschungsfÃÆ'¼hrung ) at Reich Air Ministry acted as government supervisor on the ministry order to Zuse Zuse Apparatebau. The further intermediary between Zuse and Reich Air Ministry is the aerodynamics expert Herbert A. Wagner.
The Z3 was completed in 1941 and was faster and much more reliable than Z1 and Z2. The floating-point Z3 arithmetic is improved compared to Z1 which applies exception handling "using only some relays", exceptional value (plus infinity, minus infinity and undefined) can be generated and passed through operation. Z3 keeps its program on external tape, so no need to do rewiring to change the program.
On May 12, 1941 Z3 was presented to audiences of scientists including professors Alfred Teichmann and Curt Schmieden from Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fÃÆ'¼r Luftfahrt ("German Laboratory for Aviation ") in Berlin, today known as the German Aerospace Center in Cologne.
Zuse moved to the Z4 design, which was built just days before the end of World War II.
Maps Z3 (computer)
Z3 as universal Turing machine
It's possible to build loops on Z3, but there are no conditional branch instructions. Nevertheless, the Z3 is Turing-complete - how to apply the universal Turing machine on the Z3 shown in 1998 by RaÃÆ'ºl Rojas. He proposed that the recording program should be long enough to execute every possible path through both sides of each branch. This will count all possible answers, but unnecessary results will be canceled (sort of speculative execution). Rojas concluded, "Therefore we can say that, from an abstract theoretical perspective, the computational model of Z3 is equivalent to the current computational model of the computer." From a practical perspective, and in the way Z3 is actually programmed, it's not equivalent to a modern computer. "
From a pragmatic standpoint, however, the Z3 provides sufficient practical instructions defined for typical 1940s engineering applications - Zuse is a civil engineer who just started building his computer to facilitate his work in his main profession.
Relationships with other jobs
The success of Zuse's Z3 is often associated with the use of a simple binary system. It was discovered some three centuries earlier by Gottfried Leibniz; Boole then uses it to develop his Boolean algebra. Zuse was inspired by Hilbert and Ackermann's book on basic mathematical logic (see Principles of Mathematical Logic). In 1937, Claude Shannon introduced the idea of ​​Boolean algebra mapping to electronic relays in seminal work on digital circuit designs. However, Zuse did not know Shannon's work and developed an independent foundation for his first Z1 computer he designed and built from 1935 to 1938.
Zuse's work partner, Helmut Schreyer, built an electronic experimental electronic model from a computer that used 100 vacuum tubes in 1942, but lost at the end of the war.
The Colossus Tommy Flower-built (1943) and Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1942) use thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and binary representation of numbers. Programming is done by replacing the patch panel and switch settings.
The ENIAC computer, completed after the war, uses a vacuum tube to implement the switch and uses the decimal representation for numbers. Until 1948 programming, as with Colossus, by patches and switches.
The Manchester Baby of 1948 and EDSAC in 1949 were the first computers in the world to store program instructions and data in the same space. In this case they apply the concept of a stored program which is often (but incorrectly) linked to a 1945 paper by John von Neumann and colleagues. Von Neumann is said to have given credit to Alan Turing, and the concept was actually mentioned earlier by Konrad Zuse himself, in a patent application of 1936 (which was rejected). Konrad Zuse himself remembers in his memoirs: "During the war it was almost impossible to build an efficient stored program device." and Friedrich L. Bauer writes: "His new visionary ideas (direct program) will be published many years later aimed at the correct practical direction but never implemented by him."
Specifications
- Average calculation speed: increment - 0.8 seconds, multiplication - 3 seconds
- Arithmetic unit: Binary floating point, 22 bit, add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root
- Data memory: 64 words with 22 bit length
- Program memory: Punched celluloid ribbon
- Input: Floating point decimal number
- Output: Decimal floating point number
- Input and Output is facilitated by terminal, with special keyboard for input and row of lights to display results
- Elements: About 2,000 relays (1,400 for memory)
- Frequency: 5.3 Hertz
- Power consumption: Approximately 4,000 watts
- Weight: Approximately 1 ton (2,200 pounds)
See also
- The history of computational hardware
References
Further reading
- B. Jack Copeland, ed. (2006). Colossus: Secrets of Bittchley Park Codebreaking Computers . Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-284055-4.
-
R. Rojas; F. Darius; C. GÃÆ'¶ktekin & amp; G. Heyne (2005). "Reconstruction Z3 Konrad Zuse". IEEE History of Computational History . 27 (3): 23-32. doi: 10.1109/mahc.2005.48.
External links
- page Z3 on the Horst Zuse website
- Life and Works of Konrad Zuse
- How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer RaÃÆ'ºl Rojas
- RaÃÆ'ºl Rojas, Computer Zuse In the awakening, bulletin of Computer Conservation Society ISSNÃ, 0958-7403 Number 37 Spring 2006
- Paul E. Ceruzzi's collection of Konrad Zuse (CBI 219). Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Collections contain published reports, articles, product literature, and other materials.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments