Shopping is an activity in which the customer searches for the goods or services provided by one or more retailers with the potential intent to purchase the appropriate option from them. Buyer type typology has been developed by experts who identify one group of buyers as recreational buyers, that is, those who love to shop and see it as a recreational activity.
Online shopping has become a major distraction in the retail industry. Consumers can now search product information and place product orders in different regions while online retailers deliver their products directly to home, office, or wherever they want. The B2C process (business to consumer) has made it easy for consumers to choose any product online from the retailer's website and make it shipped relatively quickly. By using online shopping methods, consumers do not need to consume energy by visiting physical physical stores, but save time and travel costs. Retailers or stores are businesses that present a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell to customers for money or other items.
The buyer's shopping experience can vary, based on various factors including how customers are treated, convenience, type of goods purchased, and mood.
Other buyers can also affect the shopping experience. For example, research from field experiments found that male and female buyers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left the store earlier than untouchables and evaluated the brand more negatively, resulting in the Accidental Interpersonal Touch effect.
According to a 2000 report, in the state of New York, USA, women buy 80% of all consumer goods. (They also affect 80% of health care decisions.)
Video Shopping
Histori
Antiquity
In ancient times, markets and exhibitions were established to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. People will shop for goods in the regular market in nearby cities. However, the temporary nature of kiosks and kiosk owners means that consumers need to check goods carefully before buying. In ancient Greece, agora served as a market where merchants store kiosks or shops to sell their goods.
Ancient Rome uses a similar market known as a forum. Rome has two forums; Forum Romanum and Forum Trajan. The Trajan market in the Trajan forum, built around 100-110CE, is a vast expanse, comprised of several buildings with tabernae that serve as a retail store, located on four levels. The Roman Forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail store. In the Roman world, the central market primarily serves local peasants. Those who live on large plantations are attractive enough for merchants to call directly at their farm gates, negating their need to attend local markets.
The shopping list is known to have been used by the Romans. One such list found near the Hadrian wall dates back to 75-125 CE and is written for a soldier.
Medieval
Archaeological evidence suggests that Britain was involved in minimal spending in the early Middle Ages. Instead, they provide their basic needs through subsistence farming practices and local personal exchange systems. However, in the late Middle Ages, consumers turned to the market for purchases of fresh produce, meat and fish and a periodic exhibit in which non-perishable goods and luxury goods could be obtained. Women are responsible for the purchase of everyday households, but most of their purchases are worldly traits. For the main part, shopping is seen as a task and not a pleasure.
Relatively only a few permanent stores can be found outside the densest cities. Instead, the customer goes into the merchant workshop where they discuss the option of direct purchase with the merchant. Mobile vendors such as costermongers, hucksters and peddlers operate throughout the market, providing home delivery convenience to households, and especially to geographically isolated communities.
In more populous European cities, a small number of stores began to emerge in the 13th century. Special retailers like sellers and clothing traders are known to be in London, while wholesalers sell "small items as well as spices and medicines." However, these stores are still primitive. At the end of the 16th century, shops in London were described as "crude booths".
Medieval shopper's experience is very different from contemporary shopper. The interior is dark and buyers have little chance to check merchandise before it is consumed. Glass windows in the retail environment, almost unknown during the medieval period. Goods are rarely on display; instead the retailer keeps the merchandise at the back of the store and will only issue items on request. The service outlet is virtually unknown and on the contrary, many shops are paving the way where they serve customers.
' Modern 'shopping for fun
The modern phenomenon of shopping for pleasure is closely related to the emergence of the middle class in 17th and 18th centuries. As the standard of living increased in the seventeenth century, consumers of various social backgrounds began to buy goods that exceeded basic needs. The new or bourgeois middle class encourages the demand for luxury goods and begins to purchase more luxury goods and imported goods, including: Indian cotton and calico; silk, tea and porcelain from China, spices from India and Southeast Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. The shopping act is seen as a fun-filled time or a form of entertainment.
In the 17th century, the market generated gradually giving way to shops and shopping malls; which changed the consumer shopping experience. The New Exchange, opened in 1609 by Robert Cecil on the Strand is one example of a planned shopping mall. Stores are starting to become important as a place for Londoners to meet and socialize and become a popular destination beside the theater. The London restoration also sees the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social positions with speculative architects like Nicholas Barbon and Lionel Cranfield.
Many of the pamphlets of the time were intended to justify conspicuous consumption and personal representation for luxury goods for the greater good of the public. This then embarrassing line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of Bernard Mandeville's influential work on Fables of the Bees in 1714, in which he argued that the prosperity of a country ultimately lies in the personal interests of consumers.
These trends gathered momentum in the 18th century, as increasing prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption. Important shifts include marketing of goods to individuals contrary to goods for households, and the status of new goods as status symbols, related to changes in fashion and desirable for aesthetic appeal, not just its usefulness. Pottery inventors and entrepreneurs, Josiah Wedgewood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the prevailing tastes. One of the preferred sales techniques is to showcase a wide range of merchandise in this private home or in a rented hall, where he invites the upper classes.
As the 18th century progressed, a wide range of goods and manufacturing continued to be available for the middle and upper urban classes. Growth in consumption causes the rise of 'shopping' - the proliferation of retail stores that sell certain goods and acceptance of shopping as a cultural activity in itself. Certain streets and districts are reserved for retail, including Strand and Piccadilly in London.
The emergence of window shopping as a recreational activity with the use of glass windows in front of retail stores. At the end of the 18th century, magnificent shopping centers began to emerge throughout Britain, Europe, and the Antipodes in what is known as the "arcade era". Typically, this arcade has a glass roof to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting. In the arcades, individual stores are fitted with long glass exterior windows that allow emerging middle class to browse and enjoy fantasy, even when they may not be able to afford high retail prices.
Designed to appeal to a polite middle class, retailers sell luxury goods at relatively high prices. However, the price is never deterrent, because this new arcade is a place to shop and see. The arcade offers buyers the promise of a confined space away from the chaos of everyday street life; buyers can socialize and spend their free time. When thousands of glass-covered arcades scattered throughout Europe, they became more magnificent and decorated with more ornaments. In the mid-nineteenth century, the promenade in the arcade became a popular time for the emerging middle class.
In Europe, the Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784, became one of the earliest examples of the new style of arcade shopping, frequented by the aristocracy and the middle class. It developed a reputation as a sophisticated conversation site, revolving around salons, cafes, and bookstores, but also a place frequented by soldiers who were not on duty and a favorite of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in buildings. In London, one of the first to use display windows in stores was a retailer, Francis Place, who experimented with this new retail method at a sewing factory in Charing Cross, where he installed shop windows with large glass windows. Although this was criticized by many, he defended his practice in his memoirs, claiming that he:
- was sold from the window of more goods... than salary paid workers and household expenses.
Retailers design an attractive storefront to lure patronage, using bright lights, advertisements and well-crafted items. The goods offered are in a constant state of change, due to the frenetic mode mode changes. A foreign visitor commented that London is "the world of gold and silver plates, the pearls and gems spill their enchanting luster, making the house of the most beautiful taste, the ocean of rings, watches, chains, bracelets, perfumes, ready-made dresses, ribbons, lace, hats, and fruits from all the inhabitable zones of the world ".
Evolution store: from arcade to department store
In the second half of the nineteenth century, shops shifted from 'one function' stores selling one item to a department store where various items were sold. As economic growth, triggered by the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the nineteenth century, continues to grow, the prosperous bourgeois middle class grows in size and wealth. This urban social group is the catalyst for the emergence of the retail revolution of that period.
The term, "department store," comes from America. In the 19th century England, these shops were known as emporia or warehouse shops. A number of major department stores opened in the United States, Britain and Europe from the mid-nineteenth century including; Harrod's of London in 1834; Kendall in Manchester in 1836; Selfridges of London in 1909; Macy's of New York in 1858; Bloomingdale in 1861; Sak in 1867; J.C. Penney in 1902; Le Bon Marchà ©  © France in 1852 and Galeries Lafayette of France in 1905.
The first reliable department store dates to be established, are Harding, Howell & amp; Co., which opened in 1796 at Pall Mall, London. This business is described as a public retail company offering a variety of consumer goods in various departments. This pioneering shop was closed in 1820 when the business partnership was dissolved. Department stores were established on a large scale from the 1840s and 50s, in France, the United Kingdom and the United States. The French retailer, Le Bon Marche, is an example of a department store that has survived to date. Originally founded in 1838 as a men's clothing and apparel shop, it was changed mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852.
Many early department stores are more than just retail emporiums; not a place where buyers can spend their free time and be entertained. Some department stores offer reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores have tea or dining rooms and offer a treatment area where women can enjoy manicures. The fashion show, which originated in the United States around 1907, became a major event for many department stores and celebrity appearances were also very influential. Themed events feature items from foreign beaches, which expose buyers to exotic cultures of the East and Middle East.
Maps Shopping
Shopping spots
Shopping hubs
A larger commercial zone can be found in many cities, more formally called the central business district, but more commonly called the "city center" in the United States, or "highways" in the UK, and small markets in Arabic speaking areas. Shopping center, or shopping center, is a collection of shops; it is a grouping of some businesses in a crowded geeographic area. It consists of a collection of retail stores, entertainment and services designed to serve products and services to the surrounding region.
Common examples include shopping centers, city squares, flea markets and bazaars.
Traditionally, shopping centers are called bazaars or markets; various kinds of stalls that line the street sell a variety of goods. Modern shopping centers are now different from their predecessors, shops usually in individual buildings or compressed into one large structure (Mall).
The first modern shopping center in the US is The Country Club Plaza in Kansas City which opened in 1922, from there the first attached mall was designed by Victor Gruen and opened in 1956 as the Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. The mall peaked in America in the 1980s 1990s when many larger malls (more than 37,000 square meters) were built, attracting consumers from within a 32 km radius with their luxury department store.
Different types of malls can be found all over the world. Superregional Mall is a huge mall that contains at least five department stores and 300 stores. This type of mall attracts consumers from a wide radius (up to 160 km). A regional mall can contain at least two department stores or "anchor stores". Smaller malls are often called open center or mini-mart and are usually paired to supermarkets or supermarkets. The smaller malls tend not to include the same features of a large mall like indoor concourse, but start growing in order to be covered to comply with all weather and customer preferences.
Shop
The store is divided into several categories of stores that sell a series of selected goods or services. Usually they are based on target demographics based on disposable income from shoppers. They can be stratified from cheap to expensive.
Some stores sell used goods. Often people can also sell goods to such stores. In other cases, especially in the case of non-profit stores, the public contributes goods to these stores, commonly known as thrift stores in the United States, charities in the UK, or op stores in Australia and New Zealand. In gift shops, items can be taken for free. In antique stores, people can find older and more difficult items to find. Sometimes people go bankrupt and borrow money from pawnshops using value items as collateral. College students are known to sell books back through college textbooks. Old used items are often distributed through surplus stores.
Various types of retail stores specializing in the sale of items related to themes including bookstores, boutiques, candy shops, liquor stores, gift shops, hardware stores, hobby shops, pet stores, pharmacies, sex shops and supermarkets.
Other stores such as large box stores, hypermarkets, department stores, department stores, general stores, dollar shops sell more types of products that are not related horizontally to each other.
Shop at home
Modern home delivery systems and technologies (such as television, telephones, and the Internet), in combination with electronic commerce, allow consumers to shop from home. There are three main types of home shopping: letter or telephone order from a catalog; telephone booking in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as magazines, TV and radio); and online shopping. Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their purchasing decisions; The Internet provides access to a wealth of information about a particular product, which can be viewed, evaluated, and compared against a price at a given time. Online shopping allows buyers to save time and expenses, which will be spent traveling to stores or malls. According to Forrester technology and research company, the purchase of mobile or mcommerce will reach 49% of ecommerce, or $ 252 billion in sales, by 2020
Shopping environment
Common grocery stores in North America, and are often called "bodegas" in Spanish-speaking communities or "dÃÆ' Â © panneurs" in French. Sometimes sellers and ice cream trucks pass through residential areas offering goods and services. Also, garage sales are a common form of re-sale.
Shopping areas and neighborhood retailers value communities by providing various social and community services (such as libraries), and social venues to meet. Environmental retailing differs from other types of retailers such as destination retailers due to differences in products and services offered, location and popularity. Environmental retailers include shops such as; Food Shops/Mart, Dairies, Pharmacies, Dry Cleaners, Hairdressers/Barbers, Bottle Shops, Cafes and take-away shops. The destination retailer includes stores like; Gift Shops, antique shops, Pet groomers, carvers, tattoo parlors, bike shops, herbal medicine clinics, art galleries, office supplies and drafter. Environmental retailers sell essential goods and services to the residential area they are in. There are many groups of environmental retailers in different regions of an area or city, but destination retailers often become part of shopping centers where the number of consumers is higher. compared to the environmental retail area. Goal retailers are becoming more common because they can provide communities with more than the most important, they offer experience, and a wider range of goods and services.
Party shopping
Party plans are a method of marketing a product by organizing a social event, using events to showcase and demonstrate products or products to those who gather, and then take orders for the product before the meeting ends.
Shopping activity
Shopping season
Shopping madness is the time period in which a burst of expenditure occurs, usually near a holiday in the United States, with Christmas shopping being the largest shopping shopping season, starting as early as October and continuing until after Christmas.
Some religions consider such shopping seasons to be contrary to their faith and ignore the practice. Many are opposed to over-commercialization and response by stores that shrink the often-quoted shopping season in War on Christmas.
The National Retail Federation (NRF) also highlights the importance of back-to-school spending for second-place retailers behind holiday shopping, when buyers often buy clothing and school supplies for their children. In 2017, Americans spend more than $ 83 to shop back to school and shop back to college, according to the NRF annual survey.
Seasonal shopping consists of buying clothes that are appropriate for a particular season. In the winter, people bundle in layers and warm coats to keep warm, while in the summer people wear fewer clothes to keep them cool in the hot air. Seasonal shopping now spins a lot around holiday sales and buys more at lower prices. Stores need to get rid of all their previous seasonal clothes to make room for new trends in the coming season. The end-of-season sales usually last a few weeks with prices falling further ahead of the close of the sale. During the sale of goods can be discounted from 10% to 50%, with the biggest sales decline occurs at the end of the season. The holiday shopping period extends their sales further and further with holidays like Black Friday to a month-long event that spans the promotion in November. Shopping today does not stop once the mall is closed, because people have more access to their stores and sales than ever with the help of internet and apps. Today many people are researching their purchases online to find the cheapest and best deal with one third of all Google shopping searches going on between 10:00 and 4:00 am. Buyers are now spending more time consulting with multiple sources before making a final purchase decision. Buyers have used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but the number has risen to as high as 12 sources by 2014.
Pricing and negotiation
Historically, prices were set through a barter system or negotiations. The first retailer to adopt a fixed price was considered a retailer operating outside the Palais-Royal complex in the 18th century. This retailer adopts a high price maintenance system to cultivate the image of luxury. For their upscale customers, the price keeps them free from the bartering complexities.
The price technique used by most retailers is the cost-plus price . This involves adding a markup amount (or percentage) to the retailer's costs. Another common technique is the manufacturer suggests the price list . This only involves charging the amount recommended by the manufacturer and usually printed on the product by the manufacturer.
In retail settings the psychological price or odds price are both widely used. Psychological pricing refers to various tactics, designed to have a positive psychological impact. For example, price tags using terminal digits "9", ($ 9.99, $ 19.99 or $ 199.99) can be used to mark the price of points and bring in goods at just below the ordering price of a consumer. However, in Chinese society, the price is usually a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates price points.
In a fixed price system, consumers may still use bargaining or bargaining; negotiating on price. Economists see this as a determinant of how the total economic surplus of transactions will be shared between consumers and producers. No party has a clear advantage because of the threat of no sales, in which case the surplus will disappear for both.
When shopping online, it will be more difficult to negotiate the price considering you do not interact directly with the sales staff. Some consumers use a price comparison service to find the best price and/or to make a decision about who or where to buy from to save money.
"Shop window"
"Window shopping" is a term that refers to the search for goods by consumers with or without intent to buy. Window shopping is often practiced by certain segments, known as recreational-conscious or hedonic shopper. ' Recreational shopping is characterized by consumer involvement in the buying process, and recreational buyers are consumers who see shopping acts as a form of enjoyment. Other consumers use window shopping as part of their planning activities for later purchases.
Showrooming, the practice of checking merchandise in traditional brick and cement retail stores without buying it, but then shopping online to find a lower price for the same item, has become an increasingly common problem for traditional retailers as a result of online competitors, so much who are beginning to take steps to combat it.
Cycling utility
In countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany, high levels of cycling utility also include shopping trips eg. 9% of all shopping trips in Germany are by bicycle.
See also
References
Further reading
- Jan Hein Furnee and ClÃÆ' © Lesger, Consumer Landscape: The Streets and Cultures of Shopping in Western Europe, 1600-1900, Springer, 2014
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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