Skateboarding is an action sport that involves riding and doing tricks using skateboards, as well as recreational activities, art forms, entertainment industry work, and transportation methods. Skateboards have been formed and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the year. A 2009 report found that the skateboard market is worth about $ 4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that the skateboard would be represented at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
Since the 1970s, skateparks have been built specifically for use by skateboarders, Freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and more recently, scooters. However, skateboards have become controversial in areas where such activities, despite the law, have damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas and parks.
Video Skateboarding
Histori
1940s-1960s
The first skateboard begins with a wooden box, or a board, with a roller wheel wheel mounted on the bottom. The crate scooter precedes the skateboard, has a wooden casket attached to the nose (front of the board), which forms a rudimentary handlebars. The boxes were turned into boards, similar to today's skateboard boards. WAC America, Betty Magnuson, reported seeing French children in the Montmartre section of Paris boarding on boards with wheelchairs attached to them at the end of 1944.
Skateboards, as we know, may have been born in the late 1940s, or early 1950s, when surfers in California wanted to do something when the waves were flat. It's called a "curb in the side of the road" - a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as surfing sports are becoming very popular. No one knows who made the first board; it seems that some people came up with the same idea at about the same time. The first manufactured skateboard ordered by a surf shop Los Angeles, California, is intended for use by surfers in their downtime. The shopkeeper, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce a skate wheel set, which they attached to a square wooden board. Thus, the skateboard was originally symbolized "sidewalk on the sidelines" and the early skaters began to imitate the style of surfing and maneuvering, and performed barefoot.
In the 1960s a small number of surfing producers in Southern California such as Jack's, Kips', Hobie, Bing's and Makaha began building skateboards that resembled small surfboards, and assembled teams to promote their products. One of the earliest Skateboard fairs was sponsored by Makaha founder Larry Stevenson in 1963 and held at Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Several of these same skateboards were also featured on a television show called "Surf's Up" in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards, who helped promote skateboarding as something new and fun to do.
As the popularity of skateboarding began to grow, the first skateboarding magazine, The Quarterly Skateboarder was published in 1964. John Severson, who published the magazine, wrote in his first editorial:
Today skateboarders are the founders in this sport - they are pioneers - they are the first. There is no history in Skateboarding - made now - by you. Sports are being formed and we believe that doing the right thing will now lead to a bright future for sport. Already, there are storm clouds on the horizon with sports opponents talking about bans and restrictions.
The magazine lasted only four problems, but continued its publication as a Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of the actual skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboard Championship, held in Anaheim, California and broadcast on ABC "Wide World Sports Since skateboarding is a new sport during this time, there are only two original disciplines during the competition: freestyle sloping and downhill slalom racing.
One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboard shows and to demonstrate safety tips for skateboarding. McGee made the cover of Life magazine in 1965 and featured on several popular television programs - The Mike Douglas Show , What's My Line? and The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson - which helped make skateboarding more popular then. Some of the other famous surfers skateboarders at the time were Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward, & amp; Jim Fitzpatrick.
Sports growth during this period can also be seen in sales figures for Makaha, which cites $ 10 million board sales between 1963 and 1965 (Weyland, 2002: 28). In 1966 various sources began to claim that the skateboard was dangerous, so the store was reluctant to sell it, and parents were reluctant to buy it. By 1966 sales had dropped significantly (ibid) and Skateboarder Magazine had stopped publication. The popularity of skateboards decreased and remained low until the early 1970s.
1970s
In the early 1970s, Frank Nasworthy began to develop a skateboard wheel made of polyurethane, calling his company Cadillac Wheels. Before this new material, the skateboard wheel is a metal wheel or "clay". The increase in traction and performance was so great that from the launch of the wheel in 1972 the popularity of the skateboard began to increase rapidly again, causing the company to invest more in product development. Nasworthy commissioned artist Jim Evans to perform a series of paintings promoting Cadillac Wheels, they were featured as advertisements and posters in the raised Skateboarder magazine, and proved very popular in promoting the new style of skateboarding.
In the early 1970s skateparks have not been found, so skateboarders will flock and skateboard in urban places like The Escondido reservoir in San Diego, California. Skateboard magazines will publish locations and Skateboarders create nicknames for every location like Tea Bowl, Fruit Bowl, Bellagio, Rabbit Hole, Bird Bath, Egg Bowl, Plateau Pond and Gorong Sewer. Some of the development concepts in the skate field are actually taken from the Escondido reservoir. Many companies started producing trucks (axle) designed specifically for skateboards, achieved in 1976 by Truck Tracker. As the equipment becomes more maneuverable, the deck begins to widen, reaching a width of 10 inches (250 mm) and more, giving the skateboarder more control. The banana board is a thin and flexible skateboard made of polypropylene with ribs at the bottom for structural support. It was very popular during the mid-1970s and is available in a variety of colors, bright yellow may be the most impressive, hence its name.
By 1975 skateboards had risen back in popularity enough to have one of the biggest skateboarding competitions since the 1960s, the Del Mar National Championship, which is said to have had up to 500 competitors. Competition lasts for two days and is sponsored by Bahne Skateboards & amp; Cadillac Wheels. While the main event was won by freedyle spinning skate legend Russ Howell, the local skate team from Santa Monica, California, the Zephyr team, usher in a new era of skateboard style surfer during a competition that will have lasting impact on skateboarding history. With a team of 12, including skating legends like Jay Adams, Tony Alva, Peggy Oki & amp; Stacy Peralta, they bring a new, progressive skateboard style to the event, based on Hawaiian surfers Larry Bertlemann, Buttons Kaluhiokalani and Mark Liddell. Craig Stecyk, a photojournalist for Skateboarder Magazine, wrote about and photographed the team, along with Glen E. Friedman, and soon ran the series on a team called Dogtown article, which eventually immortalized the Zephyr skateboard team. The team is known as Z-Boys and will continue to be one of the most influential teams in skateboarding history.
Soon, skateboarding contests for cash and prizes, using a professional-level system, began to be held throughout California, such as the California Professional World Skateboarding Championships, featuring Freestyle and Slalom competitions.
A precursor to extreme sports luge street, approved by the United States Skateboard Association (USSA), also lasted during the 1970s in Signal Hill, California. The competition was called "Speed ​​Hill Skateboarding Speed ​​Run", with some competitors getting entry into the Guinness Book of World Records, at that time the clock speed was over 50 mph on a skateboard. Due to technological and safety issues at the time, when many competitors fell during their trip, the sport did not gain popularity or support during this time.
In March 1976, Skateboard City skate in Port Orange, Florida and Carlsbad Skatepark in San Diego County, California will be the first two skateparks open to the public, just a week apart. They were the first of about 200 skateparks to be built until 1982. This is due in part to the articles that run in investment journals at the time, stating that skateparks are a good investment. The famous skateboarders of the 1970s also include Ty Page, Tom Inouye, Laura Thornhill, Ellen O'Neal, Kim Cespedes, Bob Biniak, Jana Payne, Waldo Autry, Robin Logan, Bobby Piercy, Russ Howell, Ellen Berryman, Shogo Kubo , Desiree Von Essen, Henry Hester, Robin Alaway, Paul Hackett, Michelle Matta, Bruce Logan, Steve Cathey, Edie Robertson, Mike Weed, David Hackett, Gregg Ayres, Darren Ho and Tom Sims.
Manufacturers began experimenting with more exotic composites and metals, such as fiberglass and aluminum, but a common skateboard made of maple plywood. The skateboarders take advantage of their improved skateboard handling and start creating new tricks. Skateboarders, especially Ty Page, Bruce Logan, Bobby Piercy, Kevin Reed, and Z-Boys began sliding on the pool's vertical walls that were left vacant in the 1976 dry season in California. This started the "vert" trend in skateboarding. With increased control, the vert skaters can glide faster and perform more dangerous tricks, such as slash and front/back teeth. This led to accountability and increased insurance costs for skate-park owners, and development (first by Norcon, later more successful by the Rector) than an enhanced knee pad that has a strong sliding hat and strong rope proved too little too late. During this era, the "freestyle" movement in the skateboard began to split and evolved into a much more specialized discipline, characterized by the development of various flat tricks.
As a result of the "vert" skating movement, skate parks have to compete with the high responsibility costs that lead to a lot of park closures. In response, the vert skaters began to create their own ramps, while freestyle skaters continued to evolve their plain style. Thus, in the early 1980s, skateboards have again declined in popularity.
1980s
This period was triggered by a skateboard company run by skateboarders. First focus on vertical skateboard path. The invention of the handless air (later known as ollie) by Alan Gelfand in Florida in 1976, and the almost parallel development of the air struck by George Orton and Tony Alva in California, allowed the skaters to air on a vertical ramp. While these skateboarding waves are triggered by commercial vert skating, the majority of people who skateboard during this period do not ride vert ramps. Since most people are not able to build ramps, or do not have access to nearby ramps, street skating increases in popularity.
Freestyle skating stays healthy throughout this period, with pioneers like Rodney Mullen creating many basic tricks that will be the foundation of modern street skating, such as "Impossible" and "kickflip". The influence of freestyle given on street skating became apparent during the mid-1980s; However, street skating is still done on wide boards with short noses, slide rails, and large soft wheels. Responding to the tension created by the "genre" skateboard meeting, rapid evolution occurred in the late 1980s to accommodate street skaters. Because some skateparks are available for skaters today, street skating encourages skaters to find shopping centers and public and private properties as their "spots" for skates. (The public opposition, in which businesses, governments, and property owners have banned skateboarding on property under their jurisdiction or ownership, will intensify over the next few decades.) In 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders continued to take part in the very Technically Street skating versions, combined with a decrease in vert skating, produce a sport that has no major appeal to attract new skaters.
1990s
Skateboarding during the 1990s became dominated by street skateboards. Most boards around 7 Ã, 1 / 4 up to 8 inches (180 to 200Ã, mm) and 30 to Length 32 inches (760 to 810 mm). The wheels are made of very hard polyurethane, with a hardness (durometer) of about 99A. The size of the wheel is relatively small so the boards are lighter, and the wheel inertia 'copes fast, thus making tricks more manageable. The style of boards has changed dramatically since the 1970s but has remained largely the same since the mid-1990s. The contemporary shape of the skateboard comes from a 1980s freestyle board with a largely symmetrical shape and a relatively narrow width. This form has become standard in the mid 90's.
2000-present
By 2001 the skateboard had gained so much popularity that more people under the age of 18 were riding skateboards (10.6 million) than playing baseball (8.2 million), although traditional organized team sports still dominated the youth program as a whole. Skateboarding and skate parks are being seen and used in new ways to complement academic lessons in schools, including new non-traditional physical education skateboard programs, such as Skatepass and Skateistan, to encourage more attendance, self-discipline and self-confidence.. It's also based on physical opportunities a healthy skateboard is understood to bring participants to muscle & amp; strengthening and balancing the bones, as well as the positive effects that can occur in adolescents in teaching them mutual respect, social networking, artistic expression and respect for the environment.
In 2003, Go Skateboarding Day was established in Southern California by the International Skateboarding Company Association to promote skateboards worldwide. It is celebrated every year on June 21 "to define skateboarding as a rebellion, a creative celebration of an ongoing independence." According to market research firm American Sports Data the number of skateboarders worldwide increased by more than 60 percent between 1999 and 2002 - from 7.8 million to 12.5 million.
Many cities are also beginning to implement recreational plans and legislation during this period, as part of their vision for local parks and communities to make public land more available, in particular, for skateboarding, inviting skateboarders to come off the city streets and into organized. area of ​​skateboarding activities. In 2006 there were more than 2,400 skateparks around the world and the design of skateparks itself has made the transition, as skaters change designers. Many new skateboard spots are designed specifically for street skateboarders, such as the "Spot Spot Spot" program, first initiated by professional skateboarder Rob Dyrdek in many cities, enabling the creation of smaller alternative sleeve plazas to be built at more cost low. One of the largest locations ever built for skateboarding in the world, Skatepark Junior High in China, with an area of ​​12,000 square meters, is built complete with a 5,000 seater stadium.
In 2009 Skatelab opened Skateboarding Hall of Fame & amp; Skateboarding Museum. Nominations are selected by the International Skateboarding Company Association (IASC).
Recently, barefoot skating has undergone a revival. Many skaters ride barefoot, especially in summer and in warmer countries, such as South Africa, Australia, Spain, and South America. The penny plastic board is meant to be ridden barefoot, as is the hamboard inspired by the surfboard.
In the 2010s, electric skateboards became popular, along with their own bikes that balanced themselves in board formats.
Maps Skateboarding
Skating tricks
With the evolution of skateparks and skating, skateboarding began to change. The skate's initial trick consists mainly of two-dimensional freestyle maneuvers such as riding only two wheels ("wheelie" or "manual"), spinning only on the rear wheels ("axis"), jumping high above the bar and landing on top again, as well known as the "hippie jump", jumping from one board to another, (often more than a small keg or a fearless teenager), or slalom. Another popular trick is the Bertlemann slide, named after Larry Bertememann's surf maneuver.
In 1976, the skateboard was changed by an ollie invention by Alan "Ollie" Gelfand. This remained largely a unique Florida hoax until the summer of 1978, when Gelfand made his first visit to California. Gelfand and his revolutionary maneuvers attracted the attention of West Coast skaters and the media in which he began to spread throughout the world. The ollie was adapted to flat ground by Rodney Mullen in 1982. Mullen also discovered "Magic Flip," which later renamed the kickflip, as well as many other tricks including the 360 ​​Kickflip, which is a pop-pushing 360-it and kickflip with the same movement. The flat ground ollie allows the skateboarder to perform tricks in the air without more equipment than the skateboard itself, it has formed the basis of many street skating tricks. The recent development in the world of skating tricks is 1080, which first landed by Tom Schaar in 2012.
Culture
Skateboarding was popularized by the 1986 skateboarding quiz skateboard Thrashin '. Directed by David Winters and starring Josh Brolin, it features the appearance of many famous skaters like Tony Alva, Tony Hawk, Christian Hosoi and Steve Caballero. Thrashin also has a direct impact on Lords of Dogtown, like Catherine Hardwicke, who directs Lords of Dogtown, employed by Winters to work on Lords of Dogtown Thrashin 'as a production designer where he met, worked with and made friends with many famous skaters including the real Tony Alva, Tony Hawk, Christian Hosoi and Steve Caballero.
These films have helped to enhance the reputation of skateboard teenagers, describing individuals from this subculture having a positive outlook on life, being vulnerable to jeering at each other's pleasures, and engaging in healthy sports competition. According to the film, the lack of respect, egoism and hostility towards fellow skateboarders is generally favored, although each character (and thus, the proxy of skateboarders "stereotypes") has a serious lack of authority over rules and regulations in general. Glittering Cube , a 1989 film starring Christian Slater as a skateboarding teenager investigating the death of the adopted Vietnamese brother, is somewhat of a landmark icon for the skateboard era genre. Many famous skaters have a brilliant acting in the movie, including Tony Hawk and Rodney Mullen, in which Mullen plays Slater's double stunt.
Skateboarding, at first, is tied to the culture of surfing. When a skateboard is scattered across the United States to unknown places with surfing or surfing, it develops its own image. For example, the classic short film Video Days (1991) describes a skateboarder as a reckless rebel.
California duo Jan and Dean recorded the song "Sidewalk Surfin '" in 1964, which is a Beach Boys song "Catch a Wave" with new lyrics associated with skateboarding.
Certain cities are still opposing skate park development in their neighborhood, for fear of rising crime and drugs in the area. The rift between the old and newer skateboard images is quite noticeable: magazines like Thrasher describe skateboards as dirty, rebellious, and still strongly bonded to punk, while other publications, Skateboard Transworld as for example, painting a more diverse and controlled image of the skateboard. Because more professional skaters use hip-hop, reggae or hard rock music in their videos, many urban youth, hip-hop fans, reggae fans, and hard rock fans are also interested in skateboarding, further undermining the sport of punk imagery.
Group spirit allegedly affected members of this community. In this kind of presentation, it displays no criminal tendencies, and no attempt is made to tie extreme sports to any kind of illegal activity. Female-based skateboard groups also exist, such as New York City-based Brujas. Many women use their participation in a skate crew to perform an alternative form of femininity. These female skate crews offer a safe place for women and girls in the cities, where they can skate and bond with no hope or male rivalry.
The increasing availability of technology is evident in the skateboard community. Many skateboarders record and edit videos of themselves and skateboard friends. However, part of this culture not only replicates but to innovate; emphasis is placed on finding new places and reciting new tricks.
Skateboard video games have also become very popular in skateboarding culture. Some of the most popular are the series Tony Hawk and Skate series for various consoles (including handhelds) and computers personal.
Skate Shoes
While early skateboarders generally drove barefoot, preferring direct foot contacts to the board, and some skaters continue to do so, one of the main early trends associated with the skateboard sub-culture itself, is the sticky Single Skate Slip-On. shoes, most popularized by skateboarder Sean Penn from Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Since early skateboarders are really surfers who try to imitate surfing sports, by the time skateboard first appeared on the market, many skateboard barefoot. But skaters often lack charm, which causes foot injuries. This necessitated the need for shoes specifically designed and marketed for skateboarding, such as Randy "720", manufactured by Randolph Rubber Company, and Vans sneakers, which eventually became a cultural icon marker for skateboarders during the 70s & amp; 80 as the skateboard becomes more widespread.
While skate shoe designs provide better connections & amp; traction by deck, skaterboarders themselves can often be identified when wearing shoes, with Tony Hawk once saying, "If you wear Vans shoes at 86, you are a skateboarder." Due to his relationship with skateboards, Vans financed the legendary skateboard documentary film Dogtown and Z-Boys and was the first shoe company to support professional skateboarder Stacy Peralta. Vans has a long history as the main sponsor of many skateboarding competitions and events throughout skateboarding history, including Vans Warped Tour and Vans Triple Crown Series.
When it finally became clearer that skateboards had a certain identity with shoe styles, other brands of shoe companies began to specifically design skate shoes for functionality and style to further enhance the experience and culture of skateboards including brands such as; Converse, Nike, DC Shoes, Globe, Adidas, Zoo York and World Industries. Many professional skateboarders are designing pro-model skate boots, with their names on it, once they receive a skateboard sponsor after becoming a leading skateboarder. Some shoe companies are involved with skateboards, such as Sole Technology, an American shoe company that makes the skate brand Etnies, further distinguishing themselves in the market by collaborating with local cities to open Skateparks publications, such as skate park etnies in Lake Forest, California.
Skateboard Deck
Individuality and self-expressed casual style has always been a cultural value for skateboarders, as uniforms and T-shirts are not usually worn. This type of personal style for skateboarders is often reflected in the graphic design depicted at the bottom of the skateboard deck, since the beginning of its formation in the mid-seventies, when Wes Humpston and Jim Muri first started doing design work for Dogtown Skateboard out of their garage by hand, the art of the first iconic skateboard deck with the design "Dogtown Cross".
Before the mid-seventies many early skateboards were originally based on the concept of "Sidewalk Surf" and tied to surf culture, skateboards are surfboards as in appearance with little to no graphics located beneath the bottom of the skateboard deck. Some of the earliest produced skateboard such as "Roller Derby", "Duraflex Surfer" and "Banana board" are characteristics. Some skateboards during that time were made with the company logo or stickers on the top of the skateboard deck, because griptape was not originally used for construction. But along with the development of skateboard & amp; evolved, and as artists began to design and add influence to the skateboard artwork, the design and themes began to change.
There were several artistic skateboard pioneers who had an influence on skateboarding culture during the 1980s, which changed the skateboard deck art like Jim Phillips, whose comic book style "Screaming Hand" not only became the main logo for Santa Cruz Skateboards, but eventually transformed into a tattoo with the same image for thousands of people & amp; vinyl collection figurines for years. Artist Vernon Courtlandt Johnson is said to have used his skull and skull art, for Powell Peralta, at the same time as the punk rock music genre and new wave music began to unite with the skateboard culture. Some other famous skateboarding artists who make contribrutions to the skateboarding culture also include Andy Jenkins, Todd Bratrud, Neil Blender, Marc McKee, Tod Swank, Mark Gonzales, Mount Lance, Natas Kaupas and Jim Evans.
Over the years the skateboard deck art continues to influence and expand the skateboarding culture, as many people start collecting skateboards based on their artistic and nostalgic value. Production of limited edition with special designs and types of printable collections that can be hung on the wall, has been made by famous artists such as Andy Warhol and Keith Haring. Most professional skateboarders these days have their own signature skateboard boards, with their favorite artistic design printed on them using Computer charts.
Security
Skateboards, along with other small-wheel transport such as skates and in-line scooters, are experiencing safety concerns: the rider can easily be thrown from small cracks and outcroppings on the sidewalk, especially where cracks run across the direction of travel. Suppressing such irregularities is a major cause of falls and injuries. Risk can be reduced at higher travel speeds.
Severe injuries are relatively rare. Generally, skateboarders who fell suffered scratches, cuts, bruises, and sprains. Among reported injuries to the hospital, about half involve fractures, usually long bones in the legs or arms. A third of skateboarders with injuries are reportedly very new in the sporting world, having started skating within a week of injury. Although less common, it involves 3.5-9 percent of reported injuries, traumatic head injuries and deaths that may be severe results.
Skating as a form of transport exposes skateboarders to other traffic hazards. Skateboarders on the road can get hit by another vehicle or fall into vehicle traffic.
Skateboarders also pose a risk to pedestrians and other traffic. If a skateboarder drops, a skateboard can roll over or fly to someone else. A skateboarder who collides with someone walking or cycling can injure or, rarely, kill the person.
Many jurisdictions require skateboarders to wear bicycle helmets to reduce the risk of head injury and death. Other protective devices, such as wrist protectors, also reduce injuries. Some medical researchers have proposed restricting skateboards to specially designed areas to reduce the number and severity of injuries, and to eliminate injuries caused by motor vehicles or other pedestrians.
The use, possession and sale of skateboards was banned in Norway from 1978 to 1989 due to the high number of injuries caused by boards. The ban caused skateboarders to build ramps in the woods and other remote areas to escape the police. However, there is one law skatepark in the country at Frogner Park in Oslo.
Usage and other styles
Transportation
The use of skateboards solely as a form of transport is often associated with the longboard. Depending on local law, using a skateboard as a form of transport outside of a residential area may or may not be legitimate. Proponents mention portability, sports, and environmental friendliness as some of the benefits of skateboards as an alternative to cars.
Military
The United States Marine Corps tested the usefulness of commercial skateboarding outside the arena during an urban combat military exercise in the late 1990s in a program called Urban Warrior '99. Their specific purpose is "to maneuver inside the building to detect tripwires and sniper fire".
Trampboarding
Trampboard is a skateboard variant that uses truckless boards and wheels on trampolines. Using trampoline bounce gives the height to do the trick, whereas in skateboard you have to make altitude by doing ollie. Trampboard is visible on YouTube in many videos.
Swing boarding
Swing boarding is an activity where the skateboard deck is suspended from the pivot point above the rider allowing the rider to swing about the pivot point. The board swings in a bow that is a similar movement to climb half the pipe. The harness and frame incorporation allows the rider to do a spinning round while flying through the air.
Controversy
Skateboarding destroys urban terrain features such as curbs, benches, and ledges when skateboarders perform "grinds" and other tricks on these surfaces. The private industry has responded to this problem using skate prevention devices, such as Skatestopper, in an effort to prevent further damage and reduce skateboarding on these surfaces.
The enactment of the procedures and the announcement of signs stating "Skateboarding is not allowed" has also become a common method of preventing skateboarding in public places in many cities, to protect pedestrians and property. In skate areas, tickets and arrests from the police for unauthorized entry and vandalism are not uncommon.
Skateboard has become an important issue in Freedom Plaza, National Park within Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site in Washington, DC The Plaza contains a copy of part of Charles L'Enfant's 1791 Pierre (Peter) plan for the state capital that has been etched on the raised marble surface garden.
Freedom Plaza has become a popular location for skateboarding, although this activity is illegal and has resulted in police action. The 2016 Park Management Plan for Historic Sites states that skateboards have damaged rocks, carvings, walls, benches, stairs, and other surfaces in some areas of the Plaza. The management plan further states that skateboards present law enforcement and persistent management challenges, as popular websites advertise the attraction of the Plaza for such activities. The plan notes that the vandal has removed the "No Skateboarding" mark and recommends replacing the signs.
A professional skateboarder promotes on Facebook the use of government websites for illicit activities during the 2013 federal government shutdown in the United States.
Nevertheless, efforts have been made to increase recognition of the cultural heritage as well as the positive effects of skateboards in cities. By increasing Ã, Â £ 790,000, the Long Live Southbank initiative managed to curb the destruction of a forty-year-old place in London due to urban planning, a rescue operation whose influence surpassed the skateboard. The presence of skateboarders in this public space keeps this area under surveillance and keeps the homeless going, increasing the sense of security in the area. This activity attracts artists such as photographers and filmmakers, as well as a large number of tourists, who in turn encourage economic activity in the environment.
See also
- The skateboarder
- List of pro skaters
- Sponsorship skateboard
- Skateboarding tricks
Note
References
- Borden, Iain (2001). Skateboarding, Space and City: Architecture and Body . Oxford: Berg.
- Brooke, Michael (1999). Concrete Waves: Skateboarding History . Warwick Publishing.
- Eagle, Tony and Mortimer, Sean (2000). Hawk: Job: Skateboarder . New York: HarperCollins.
- Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson, and Jared Maher (eds.) (2004). Life and Limb: Skateboarders Writing from Ends . New York: Soft Skull Press.
- Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). The Mutt .
- Thrasher Magazine (2001). Thrasher: Insane Terrain . New York: Universe.
- Weyland, Jocko (2002). The Answer Never: History and Memoirs of Skateboarding . New York: Grove Press.
External links
- Skateboard link in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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