The RepRap project started in the UK in 2005 as a University of Bath initiative to develop low-cost 3D printers that can print most of its own components but now consists of hundreds of collaborators around the world. RepRap is short for rep license rap prototyper id .
As an open design, all designs generated by this project are released under a free software license, the GNU General Public License.
Due to the machine's ability to create several parts of its own, the authors envisage the possibility of cheap RepRap units, enabling the creation of complex products without the need for extensive industrial infrastructure. They are meant for RepRap to show evolution in this process as well as for it to increase the number exponentially. A preliminary study stated that using RepRaps to print general product results in economic savings.
Video RepRap project
Histori
RepRap was founded in 2005 by Dr Adrian Bowyer, Senior Lecturer in mechanical engineering at the University of Bath in England. Funding was obtained from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
On September 13, 2006, the RepRap 0.2 prototype managed to print the first part of itself, which was then used to replace the identical parts originally made by commercial 3D printers. On February 9, 2008, RepRap 1.0 "Darwin" managed to create at least one instance over half of its rapidly prototyped portion. On April 14, 2008, perhaps the first end-user item created by RepRap: clamp to hold the iPod securely to the Ford Fiesta dashboard. In September of that year it was reported that at least 100 copies had been produced in various countries.
In April 2009, electronic circuit boards were produced automatically with RepRap, using an automatic control system and a removable head system capable of printing plastic and conductive solder. On October 2, 2009, the second generation design, called "Mendel", printed the first part. Mendel's form resembles a triangular prism rather than a cube. RepRap 2.0 "Mendel" was completed in October 2009. On January 27, 2010, the Foresight Institute announced "The Gift of Innovation for Kemanikan Kartik M. Gada" for better RepRap design and construction.
The third generation design, "Huxley", was officially named on August 31, 2010. Development is based on a miniature version of Mendel hardware with 30% of original print volume. In two years, RepRap and RepStrap building and usage are widespread in the tech, gadget, and engineering community. In 2012, the first successful Delta design, Rostock, has a very different design. Latest iterations using OpenBeams, wires (usually Dyneema or Spectra fishing lines) rather than belts, and so on, which also represent some of the latest trends in RepRaps.
In early January 2016 RepRapPro (short for "RepRap Professional", and a commercial arm of the RepRap project in the UK) announced that it will cease trading on January 15, 2016. The reasons given are the market bottleneck for 3D low-cost printers and the inability to expand the market that. RepRapPro China continues to operate.
Maps RepRap project
Hardware
Since the project was designed by Dr. Bowyer to encourage evolution, many variations have been made. As a free open source project designer to make modifications and substitutions, but they have to redistribute their fixes.
Design
Ada banyak desain printer RepRap termasuk:
Perangkat Lunak
RepRap has been compiled as a complete replication system rather than just a piece of hardware. For this purpose, the system includes computer-aided design (CAD) in the form of 3D modeling systems and computer-assisted software and drivers (CAMs) and drivers that change the user design of RepRap into a set of instructions to the RepRap tool that converts it into a physical object.
Initially two different CAM tools have been developed for RepRap. The first, simply titled "RepRap Host", was written in Java by RepRap developer leading Adrian Bowyer. The second, "Skeinforge", is written separately by Enrique Perez. Both are complete systems for translating 3D computer models into G-code, the machine language that instructs the printer.
Then, other programs like slic3r, pronterface, Cura, are created. Recently, the Franklin firmware was created to allow 3-D RepRap printers to be used as general purpose 3-D robots in addition to 3-D printing (eg grinding, handling of liquids, etc.)
KISSlicer sources and closed repetier hosts are also used.
Free and open-source 3-D modeling programs like Blender, OpenSCAD, and FreeCAD are the preferred 3-D modeling program generally for the RepRap community but, almost all CAD or 3D modeling programs can be used with RepRap, so long as it can generate STL files. (slic3r also supports.obj and.amf files). Thus, creators use whatever tool they know, be it a commercial CAD program, such as SolidWorks and Autodesk AutoCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk 123D Design, Tinkercad, or SketchUp along with libre software.
Replication material
RepRaps prints objects from ABS, Polylactic acid (PLA), Nylon (probably not all extruders are capable), HDPE, TPE and similar thermoplastics.
Polylactic acid (PLA) has the advantage of high stiffness engineering, minimal indentation, and attractive transparent color. It is also biodegradable and comes from plants.
The mechanical properties of RepRap printed PLA and ABS have been tested and have proven to be equivalent to the tensile strength of proprietary printers.
Unlike most commercial machines, RepRap users are encouraged to experiment with printing new materials and methods, and to publish their results. Methods for printing new materials (such as ceramics) have been developed in this way. In addition, some RecycleBots have been designed and made to convert waste plastic, such as shampoo and milk jugs, into cheap RepRap filaments. There is some evidence that using this distributed recycling approach is better for the environment and can be useful for creating "fair trade filaments".
In addition, the 3D printing products themselves at the point of consumption by consumers have also proven to be better for the environment.
The RepRap project has identified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a suitable support material to complement the printing process, although large overhangs can be made by using a thin film of the main print medium as a support, which is mechanically removed thereafter.
Electronic printing is the main goal of the RepRap project so it can print its own circuit boards. Several methods have been proposed:
- Wood or metal metal Field: low melting metal alloys to combine electrical circuits into parts that are being formed.
- Polymers containing silver/carbon: usually used for the repair of circuit boards and are being considered for use for electric conductive traces.
- Direct extrusion from soldering
- Conductive cable: can be placed into a part of the spool during the printing process
Using the MIG welder as the print head, the RepRap delta stage can be used to print metal such as steel.
The RepRap concept can also be applied to laser milling and welding machines.
Construction
Although the purpose of this project is for RepRap to autonomously build many of its own mechanical components in the near future by using low enough level resources, some components such as sensors, stepper motors, or microcontrollers can not currently be replicated using RepRap 3D printing technology and by therefore it must be produced independently of the replicating process of RepRap. The goal is asymptotically approaching 100% replication through a series of evolutionary generations. As one example, from the onset of the project, the RepRap team has explored various approaches to integrating conductive-electric media into the product. The future success of this initiative should open the door for entry of connecting cables, printed circuit boards, and perhaps even motors in RepRapped products. Variations in the nature of extrusion, electrically-conductive media can produce electrical components with different functions than pure conductive traces, unlike what was done in a circuit-sprayed circuit in the 1940s called Electronic Circuit Making Equipment (ECME), described in an article on its designer, John Sargrove. Printed electronics is a related approach. Other components that can not be replicated are threaded stems for linear motion. The current research area uses a replicated Sarrus connection to replace it.
Project members
The project's "core team" includes:
- Dr Adrian Bowyer, Former Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath
- Michael S. Hart (deceased 2011), creator of Project Gutenberg, Illinois
Destination
The stated objective of the RepRap project is to produce a pure self-replicating device not for its own sake, but to be placed in the hands of individuals everywhere on the planet, for minimal capital expenditure, a desktop manufacturing system that will allow individuals to produce many of the artifacts used in everyday life. From a theoretical standpoint, the project seeks to prove the hypothesis that "Rapid prototyping and direct writing technology are versatile enough to enable them to be used to create von Neumann universal constructors".
Educational apps
RepRap technology has great potential in educational applications, according to some experts. RepRaps has been used for education mobile robotics platform. Some authors claim that RepRaps offers an unprecedented "revolution" in STEM education. The evidence for such claims stems from low cost capabilities for rapid prototypes in the classroom by students, but also the manufacture of high-quality, low-cost scientific equipment from open-source hardware designs that form open-source laboratories.
See also
Note
References
External links
- Official website
- A video of a conversation by Adrian Bowyer on RepRap
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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