The Tanakh ( ; ????? "?? ?, pronounced [ta'na?] or [t? 'nax] ; also Tenakh Tenak , Tanach ), also called Mikra or the Hebrew Bible b >, is a collection of canonical Jewish texts, which is also a textual source for the Old Testament of Christianity, These texts are primarily arranged in the Hebrew Bible, with some passages in the Biblical Aramaic (in the books of Daniel, Ezra and several other Hebrew Texts traditionally known as Masoretic Text, Tanakh is composed of twenty-four books.
Video Tanakh
Terminology
The division of the three parts reflected in the acronym "Tanakh" is well proven in the Rabbinic period literature. During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used. Instead, the exact title is Mikra (or Miqra , ????, meaning "read" or "what to read") because biblical texts are read to the public. Mikra continues to be used in Hebrew to this day, with Tanakh, to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern oral Hebrew, they can be exchanged.
"The Hebrew Bible"
Many biblical studies advocate the use of the term "Hebrew Bible" (or "Hebrew Scriptures") as a substitute for the less neutral terms with Jewish or Christian connotations (eg Tanakh or Old Testament). The Society of Biblical Literature's Handbook of Style, which is the standard for major academic journals such as Harvard Theological Review and Protestant conservative journals such as Bibliotheca Sacra and < i> Westminster Theological Journal , indicating that the author "is aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as... The Hebrew Bible [and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of both. Alister McGrath points out that while the term stresses that it is mostly written in Hebrew and "is sacred to the Hebrews," it "fails to do justice to the way in which Christianity sees an important continuity between the Old and New Testaments" that there is "no commonly accepted alternative to the traditional term" of the Old Testament. "However, he accepts that there is no reason why non-Christians should feel obligated to refer to these books as the Old Testament," regardless of usage habits. "
In theology, Christianity has acknowledged the close connection between the Old Testament and the New Testament since its inception, although sometimes there is a movement like Marcionism (seen as the first church in history), which has wrestled with it. Modern Christian formulations of this tension include Supersessionism, Theology of the Covenant, The New Testament Theology, Dispensationalism and the Dual Treaty Theology. All these formulas, except for some form of double-agreement theology, are unacceptable to mainstream Judaism and many Jewish scholars and writers, for whom there is an eternal covenant between God and Israel, and hence rejecting the term "Old Testament" as a form of antinomianism.
In the case of the canon, the use of the "Old Testament" Christian does not refer to a universally agreed set of books but, somewhat differently depending on the denomination. Protestant Lutheranism and denominations following the Westminster Confession of Faith accept all the Jewish canon as the Old Testament without additional, although in their translations it sometimes gives preference to the Septuagint rather than the Masoretic Text; for example, see Isaiah 7:14.
In terms of language, "Hebrew" refers to the original language of the books, but may also be taken as referring to the Jews of the Second Temple era and the Jewish diaspora, and their descendants, who retain the Masoretic Text up transmissions to this day. The Hebrew Bible includes small parts in Aramaic (mostly in the books of Daniel and Ezra), written and printed in Aramaic square script, adopted as the Hebrew alphabet after the Babylonian exile.
Maps Tanakh
Development and codification
There is no scientific consensus on when the canon of the Hebrew Bible was corrected: some scholars argue that the canon was established by the Hasmonean dynasty, while others argued that it did not remain until the second or even later.
According to the Talmud, most of the Tanakh were compiled by the people of the Great Assembly (Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah), a task completed in 450 BC, and has remained unchanged since then.
The book of twenty-four canons is mentioned in Midrash Koheleth 12:12: Whoever unites in his house more than twenty-four books brings confusion.
Language and pronunciation
The original writing system of the Hebrew text is the alphabet: a consonant written with some applied vowel letters ( "matres lectionis" ). During the early Middle Ages scholars known as the Masoretes created a formalized vocalization system. This was primarily done by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, at Tiberias school, based on the oral tradition to read Tanakh, hence the name of the Tiberian vocalization. It also includes several innovations from Ben Naphtali and Babylonian exile. Although the codification process is relatively late, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews hold pronunciation and repetition to be derived from revelations in Sinai, since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciation and pause. Text combinations ( ???? ? mikra ), pronunciation ( ????? ? niqqud ) and cantillation ( ????? ? te'amim ) allows readers to understand the simple meaning and nuances in the sentence flow of the text.
Books from Tanakh
The Tanakh consists of twenty-four books: it is counted as a book of every Samuel, Kings, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah and calculates the Twelve of the Little Prophets ( ??? ??? ?) As a single book. In Hebrew, books are often referred to as their first prominent words (s).
Torah
The Torah (???????, literally "teaching"), also known as the Pentateuch, or as the "Five Books of Moses". The printed versions (not scrolls) of the Torah are often called Chamisha Chumshei Torah ( ???????? ? ???? ? "the fifth part of Torah") and informally a Chumash .
- Bereshit (??????????, literally "At first") - Events
- Shemot (???????, literally "Name") - Output
- Vayikra (??????????, literally "And He is called") - Leviticus
- Bemidbar (???????????, literally "In the desert") - Numbers
- Devarim (?????????, literally "Things" or "Words") - Replay
Nevi'im
nevi'im ( ????????? ? N ?? ÃÆ'®'ÃÆ'®m , "Prophet") is the second major division of Tanakh, between Torah and Ketuvim. It contains two sub-groups, Former Prophets ( ???????????? ? Nevi'im Rishonim , narrative books from Joshua, Judge, Samuel and Kings) and Prophets End ( ?????? ??????? ? Nevi'im Aharonim , Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the Twelve Little Prophets). This division includes books covering time from the entrance of the Israelites to the Land of Israel to the Babylonian captivity of Judah ("the period of prophecy"). Their distribution is not chronological, but substantive.
- (????????/Y? hÃÆ'Â'shÃÆ'ºa ') - Joshua
- (?????????/Shophtim) - Judge
- (?????????/ShmÃÆ'Â »'? l) - Samuel
- (????????/M'limim) - Kings
- (???????????/Y? sha '? y? hÃÆ' Â ») - Isaiah
- (???????????/Yirmy? hÃÆ' Â ») - Jeremiah
- (??????????/Y? khezqi? l) - Ezekiel
The twelve Little Prophets ( ??? ?, Trei Asar , "Twelve" one book.
- (????????/HÃÆ'sh? a ') - Hosea
- (??????/YÃÆ' ''? l) - Joel
- (?????? '? mÃÆ''s) - Amos
- (?????????/'vadhy? h) - Obaja
- (??????/YÃÆ''n? h) - Jonah
- (??????/MÃÆ'¼kh? h) - Mikah
- (??????/Nak? ÃÆ' Â »m) - Nahum
- (?????????/Kh? vhakÃÆ' »k) - Habakuk
- (?????????/Ts? phany? h) - Zephaniah
- (??????/Khaggai) - Haggai
- (?????????/Zkhary? h) - Zakharia
- (?????????/Mal '? kha®) - Maleakhi
Ketuvim
Ketuvim ( ?????????? ?, "Writings") comprising of the eleven books, are described below.
Poetic Books
In the Masoret manuscript (and several print editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in the form of two special columns that emphasize parallel stiches in verses, which are the function of their poems. Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet (title acronyms in Hebrew, ????, ????, ????? produce Emet ?? "?, which is also Hebrew for" truth ").
These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes designed to emphasize the parallel stich in the verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in a normal prose system.
Five scrolls ( Hamesh Megillot )
The five relatively short books of the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, The Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as Hamesh Megillot (Five Megillot). These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon, with the newest parts having dates from the 2nd century BC. These scrolls have traditionally been read throughout the year in many Jewish communities. The list below presents it in the order they read in the synagogue on a holiday, beginning with Song of Solomon on Passover.
Other books
In addition to three poetic books and five scrolls, the remaining books on Ketuvim are Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they still share a number of distinguishing characteristics.
- Their narratives openly describe relatively late events (ie Babylonian capture and subsequent restoration of Zion).
- The Talmud tradition considers the author to be late for all of them.
- Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in Tanakh with a significant portion in Aramaic.
Messages
The following list presents the Ketuvim books in a sequence that appears in most print editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the peculiarities of Emery Sifrei
Three poetic books ( Sifrei Emet )
- Tehillim (Psalms) ?????????
- Mishlei (Proverbs) ????????
- IyyÃ'bh (Kitab Ayub) ???????
The Five Megillot ( Hamesh Megillot ). These books are read aloud in the synagogue on certain occasions, the events listed below in brackets.
- Sh? r Hash? r? m (Kidung Agung) or (Kidung Agung) ????? ?????????? (Passover)
- R? th (Kitab Ruth) ???? (Shavuot)
- Eikhah (Ratapan) ?????? (Tisha B'Av) [Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.]
- Q? heleth (Pengkhotbah) ??????? (Sukkot)
- Est? r (Book of Esther) ??????? (Purim)
Other books
- D? nÃÆ'® '? l (Daniel's book) ??????????
- 'Ezr? (Book of Ezra - Nehemiah's book) ???????
- Divrei ha-Yamim (Chronicles) ???????? ?????????
The Jewish textual tradition never completes the sequence of books in Ketuvim. The Talmud of Babylon (Bava Batra 14b - 15a) gave their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.
In the Masoretic Tiberian texts, including the Aleppo Codex and the Codex Leningrad, and often in Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Preachers, Jeremiah Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.
Translation
- Scripture According to Masoretic Texts: New Translations with the help of Previous Version & amp; with the Jewish Authority Constant Consultation published in 1917 by the Jewish Publication Society. It was replaced by them Tanakh in 1985
- Tanakh , Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBNÃ, 0-8276-0252-9
- Tanach: The Stone Edition , Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBNÃ, 0-89906-269-5, named after philanthropist Irving I. Stone.
- Tanakh Ram, ongoing translation for Modern Hebrew (2010-) by Avraham Ahuvya (RAM Publishing House Ltd. and Miskal Ltd.)
Several editions, all titled Biblia Hebraica , have been produced by various German publishers since 1906.
- Between 1906 and 1955, Rudolf Kittel published nine editions.
- 1966, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft published the name Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia which was renamed to six editions until 1997.
- Since 2004, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft published Biblia Hebraica Quinta, including all the Qumran script variants and Masorah Magna.
Jewish Comment
There are two main approaches to the study, and comments on, Tanakh. In the Jewish community, the classical approach is religious study of the Bible, where it is assumed that the Bible is divinely inspired. Another approach is to study the Bible as a human creation. In this approach, Bible study can be considered a sub-field of religious studies. The next practice, when applied to the Torah, is considered a heresy by the Orthodox Jewish community. Thus, many modern day Bible commentaries written by non-Orthodox writers are deemed to be banned by rabbis teaching in Orthodox yeshivas. Some of the classical rabbinical commentators, such as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Gersonides, and Maimonides, use many elements of contemporary biblical criticism, including their knowledge of history, science, and philology. The use of their historical and scientific analysis of the Bible is considered acceptable to historical Judaism because of the author's faith commitment to the idea that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.
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