Pacific Northwest

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The Pacific Northwest ( PNW ), sometimes referred to as Cascadia , is a geographical area in western North America bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the west and (loosely) by the Cascade Mountains to the east. Although there is no agreed limit, the most common conceptions include the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and the US states in Oregon and Washington. Wider conception reaches north to Southeast Alaska and Yukon, south to northern California, and east to the Continental Divide to include Idaho, Western Montana and some parts of Wyoming. A narrower conception may be limited to the northwestern US, or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. Various definitions can be attributed to partial similarities of history, culture, geography, society, and other factors in the region.

The Northwest Coast is the Northwest Pacific coastal region, and Northwest Plateau (also commonly known as "the Interior" in British Columbia and Inland Empire in the United States) is a hinterland. The term "Pacific Northwest" should not be equated with the Northwest Territory (also known as the Great Northwest, the historical term in the United States) or the Northwest Territories of Canada.

The largest metropolitan area in the region is Greater Seattle, Washington, with 3.7 million people; Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, with 2.5 million people; and Greater Portland, Oregon, with 2.4 million people.

The key aspect of the Pacific Northwest is the US-Canada international border, established by the United States and Britain as the population of the region is predominantly indigenous. The border - in two parts, along the 49th parallel to southern British Columbia and Alaska Panhandle to the west of northern British Columbia - has had a strong effect in the region. According to the Canadian historian, Ken Coates, the border not only affects the Pacific Northwest - but rather, "the history and character of the area has been determined by the boundary".

Video Pacific Northwest

Definisi

The definition of the Northwest Pacific region varies, and even the Pacific Northwesterners do not agree to the proper limits. The most common conceptions include the US states in Oregon and Washington as well as the provinces of British Columbia in Canada.

The broader definition of the area includes the states of Alaska and Idaho, parts of the states of California, Montana, and Wyoming, and the territory of Canada from Yukon.

Definitions based on the historic Oregon State reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including almost all of Idaho and western parts of Montana and western Wyoming. Sometimes, the Pacific Northwest is defined as a special Northwestern United States, excluding Canada. Note that this type of definition is often made by government agencies whose scope is limited to the United States.

Maps Pacific Northwest

History

The Pacific Northwest has been occupied by diverse indigenous peoples for thousands of years. The Pacific coast is seen by some experts as a major coastal migration route in the American settlement by late Pleistocene people moving from northeastern Asia to America.

The coastal migration hypothesis has been supported by findings such as the report that sediments in the Port Eliza caves on Vancouver Island show a possible 16 ka (16,000 years) survival climate in the area, while continental ice sheets are near their maximum limits. Another evidence for human occupation since 14,500 years ago emerged from the Paisley Cave in south-central Oregon. However, despite such research, the hypothesis of coastal migration is debatable.

Because of some of the wealth of the Northwest Pacific Coast and river fisheries, some indigenous peoples have developed less mobile societies while remaining hunter-gatherers. The Pacific Northwest Coast is one of the few places where complex hunter-gatherers of politics evolve and survive to historic contact, and therefore are essential to anthropologists and archaeologists seeking to understand how complex the hunter and gatherer functions are. When Europeans first arrived on the Northwest Coast, they found one of the most complex hunting and fishing associations in the world, with large villages, large houses, social rankings and prestige systems, extensive trade networks, and many other factors. commonly associated with the community. based on domestic agriculture. In the interior of the Northwest Pacific, indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, have a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas are home to mobile and egalitarian communities. Others, especially along the great rivers like Columbia and Fraser, have very complex, prosperous, and sedentary communities that rival the coast.

In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, Tlingit and Haida set up large and complex carved totem poles that have become icons of the Pacific Northwest artistic tradition. Throughout the Northwest Pacific, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, "governing their communities around cedar and salmon".

Initial European exploration

In 1579, the British captain and former officer Francis Drake sailed to the west coast of North America probably reached Oregon before returning south to land and repair the ship. At this landing site, perhaps near San Francisco today, Drake makes the region's symbolic claim to England, calling it New Albion. Juan de Fuca, a Greek captain who sailed for the Spanish Crown, supposedly found the Strait of Juan de Fuca around 1592. The Strait was named for him, but whether he found it or has not been questioned for a long time. During the early 1740s, the Russian Empire sent Dane Vitus Bering to the area. By the end of the 18th century and into the mid-19th century, Russian settlers had established several posts and communities on the northeast Pacific coast, eventually reaching as far south as Fort Ross, California. The Russian River is named after this settlement.

In 1774, the young king of New Spain sent Spanish navigator Juan PÃÆ'  © rez on the ship Santiago to the Pacific Northwest. Perà © z z made a landing at Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) on July 18, 1774. The northernmost latitude she reached was 54  ° 40? N. This was followed, in 1775, by other Spanish expeditions, under the command of Bruno de Heceta and included Juan Perà ©  © z and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the Olympic Peninsula near the mouth of the Quinault River. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, back south, saw the mouth of the Columbia River and named it Bahia de la AsunciÃÆ'³n. While Heceta sailed southward, Quadra went north on the second ship of the expedition, Sonora , reaching Alaska, at 59 ° C. In 1778, English sailor Captain James Cook visited Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island as well sailing as far as Prince William Sound.

In 1779, Spain's third expedition, under the command of Ignacio de Artega on board the Princesa , and with Quadra as captain of the Favorite ship, sailed from Mexico to the coast of Alaska, reaching 61Ã, ° N. Two further Spanish expeditions, in 1788 and 1789, both under Esteban Jose MartÃÆ'nez and Gonzalo LÃÆ'³pez de Haro, sailed to the Pacific Northwest. During their second expedition, they met with American captain Robert Gray near Nootka Sound. After entering Nootka Sound, they found William Douglas and his ship Iphigenia . The conflict led to the Nootka Crisis, which was resolved by a treaty known as the Nootka Convention. In 1790, Spain sent three ships to Nootka Sound, under the command of Francisco de Eliza. After setting up a base in Nootka, Eliza sent some explorers. Salvador Fidalgo is sent north to the coast of Alaska. Manuel Quimper, with Gonzalo LÃÆ'³pez de Haro as a pilot, exploring the Strait of Juan de Fuca, discovering the San Juan Islands and Admiralty Inlet in the process. Francisco de Eliza himself took the San Carlos ship to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. From a base in Port Discovery, pilot JosÃÆ'Â © MarÃÆ'a NarvÃÆ'¡ez and Juan Carrasco explore the San Juan Islands, the Haro Strait, the Rosario Strait, and Bellingham Bay. In the process, they found the Strait of Georgia and explored it as far north of Texada Island. The expedition returned to Nootka Sound in August 1791. Alessandro Malaspina, sailing for Spain, explored and mapped the coast from Yakutat Bay to Prince William Sound in 1791, then sailed to Nootka Sound. Performing a scientific expedition by way of James Cook, Malaspina scientists studied the Tlingit and Nuu-chah-nulths before returning to Mexico. Another Spanish explorer, Jacinto CaamaÃÆ'Â ± o, sailed the Aranzazu vessel to Nootka Sound in May 1792. There he met the Quadra, who held command of the Spanish settlement and Fort San Miguel. Quadra sends North CaamaÃÆ'Â ± o, to carefully explore the coast between Vancouver Island and Bucareli Bay, Alaska. Various maps of Spain, including CaamaÃÆ'Â ± o, were awarded to George Vancouver in 1792, when Spain and England worked together to map a complex coastline.

From 1792 to 1794, George Vancouver charted the Pacific Northwest on behalf of Great Britain, including the Strait of Georgia, the Gulf and the Gulf of Puget Sound, and the Straits of Johnstone Straits of Queen Charlotte and most of the British Columbia Coast and Alaska Southeastern coastline. For him the city of Vancouver and Vancouver Island are named, as well as Vancouver, Washington. From Mexico, Malaspina sent the last Spanish exploratory expedition in the Northwest Pacific, under Dionisio AlcalÃÆ'¡ Galiano and Cayentano Valdes on the schooner of Sutil and Mexicana . They met Vancouver on the Straits of Georgia on June 21, 1792. Vancouver has explored Puget Sound before. The Spanish explorers knew about Admiralty Inlet and unexplored territory in the south, but they decided to sail north. They found and entered the Fraser River shortly before meeting Vancouver. After sharing the map and agreeing to work together, Galiano, ValdÃÆ' Â © s, and Vancouver sailed north to Desolation Sound and Discovery Islands, charting the coastline together. They passed the Johnstone Strait and the Cordero Channel and returned to Nootka Sound. As a result, the Spanish explorers, who had departed from Nootka, became the first Europeans to encircle Vancouver Island. Vancouver itself has entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca directly without going to Nootka first, so has not sailed completely around the island.

In 1786, Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois de La PÃÆ' Â © rouse, representing France, sailed to Haida Gwaii after visiting Nootka Sound, but every possible French claim for this region disappeared when La PÃÆ' Â © rouse and his people and journals lost in a shipwreck near Australia. After meeting the Salish coastal tribes, either PÃÆ' Â © rouse or someone in his crew commented, "The most surprising is seeing paintings everywhere, everywhere sculptures, among hunters". Maritime marine merchant Charles William Barkley also visited the area at the Imperial Eagle, a British ship with one flying the Austrian Imperial flag. The American marine merchant, Robert Gray, trades along the coast, and finds the mouth of the Columbia River.

Disputes limit

Initial official claims for the territory were confirmed by Spain in 1513 with explorers NuÃÆ' Â ± ez de Balboa, the first Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean from America. The Russian Maritime Fur Trade activity, through the Russian-American Company, is extended from the Pacific side further into Russian America. This prompted Spain to send an expedition northward to assert ownership of Spain, while Captain James Cook and his subsequent expedition by George Vancouver advanced the British claim. At the Nootka Convention, the latter in 1794, Spain submitted its priori exclusive claims and agreed to divide the territory with other Powers, handing over his garrison at Nootka Sound in the process.

The United States established claims based on the invention of Robert Gray, Lewis and Clark Expeditions, the construction of Fort Astoria, and the acquisition of Spanish claims granted to the United States in the Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty. From the 1810s to the 1840s, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and modern western Montana, along with most of British Columbia, were part of what the United States called the Oregon State and the United Kingdom called the District of Columbia. This region was jointly claimed by the United States and Great Britain after the Treaty of 1818, which established the dominance of interests in the region as a substitute for settlements. In 1840, Charles Wilkes America was explored in the area. John McLoughlin, Head of Factor Company Hudson Bay, headquartered in Fort Vancouver, is the de facto local political authority for most of this time.

This arrangement ended when the US settlement grew and President James K. Polk was elected on a platform calling for the annexation of the entire State of Oregon and Texas. After its election, supporters created the famous "Forty Four Forty or Fight" slogan, referring to the 54 Â ° 40 'north latitude - the northern boundary of the United States claim. After the frightening war with the British, the Oregon border dispute settled on the Oregon Treaty of 1846, dividing the territory along the 49th parallel and completing most, but not all, of the border disputes (see Pig War).

The northern terrain of the 49th parallel remained unrelated until 1858, when large currents of Americans and others during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush forced the hands of Vancouver Island Governor Colonel James Douglas, who declared the land a Crown Colony. The two colonies were merged in 1866 to cut costs, and joined the Dominion of Canada in 1871. The US portion became the Oregon Territory in 1848. It was subdivided into the Territory of Oregon and the Territory of Washington. These areas are the states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington and other parts of Western countries.

America's expansionist pressure on British Columbia survived after the colony became a Canadian province, although the Americans living in the province had no anexationalist tendencies. The Fenian Brotherhood was openly organized and drilled in Washington, particularly in the 1870s and 1880s, although no cross-border attacks were experienced. During the Alaska Boundary Dispute, US President Teddy Roosevelt threatened to invade and annex British Columbia if Britain would not succumb to the Yukon port issue. In more recent times, during the so-called "Salmon War" of the 1990s, Senator Washington Slade Gorton called on the US Navy to "force" the Inside Passage, even though it was not an official international waterway. The dispute between British Columbia and Alaska above the Dixon Strait Hecate Entrance between Prince Rupert and Haida Gwaii has not been resolved.

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Geology

Northwest is still very geologically active, with active volcanoes and geological faults.

Active volcanoes in the region include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mt. Helens, Mt. Hood, Mount Jefferson, Mount Shasta, and Peak Glacier.

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Geography

The Pacific Northwest is a diverse geographical area, dominated by several mountains, including the Coastal Mountains, the Cascade Mountains, the Olympic Mountains, the Columbia Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The highest peak in the Pacific Northwest is Mount Rainier, in Washington Cascades, at 14,410 feet (4,392 m). Directly to the mainland from the vast Cascade Range, generally dry highlands. In the US, the region is known as the Columbian Plateau, while in British Columbia it is the Domestic Plateau, also called the Fraser Plateau. The Columbia Plateau was the site of massive floods in the ice age, and as a consequence there were many coulees, canyons, and theeded Scablands. Most of the highlands, especially in eastern Washington, are irrigated agricultural land. The Columbia River cuts a deep and wide chasm around the edge of the Columbia Plateau and through the Cascade Mountains on its way to the Pacific Ocean.

Because many areas have abundant rainfall and mild summers, the Pacific Northwest has some of the most fertile and extensive forests in North America, extensively filled with the cypress trees of Coast Douglas, the second tallest growing conifer on earth. The region also contains the highest tree specimens on earth, the redwood coast, in southwestern Oregon, but the largest of these trees lies south of the California border in northwest California. Coastal forests in some areas are classified as medium rain forest.

Coastal features are determined by interactions with the Pacific and North American continents. The coastline of the Pacific Northwest is filled with many fjords, bays, islands, and mountains. Some of these features include the Oregon Coast, Burrard Inlet, Puget Sound, and the highly complex fjords of British Columbia Coast and Southeast Alaska. This region has one of the longest fjord coastlines in the world.

Major cities in Vancouver, Portland, Seattle and Tacoma all started as ports supporting the logging, mining and agricultural industries of the region, but have evolved into major technology and industrial centers (such as Silicon Forest), benefiting from locations in Pacific Rim.

If defined as British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, the Pacific Northwest has four US National Parks: Crater Lake in Oregon, plus Olympic, Mount Rainier, and North Cascades in Washington. If larger regional definitions are used, other US National Parks may be included, such as Redwood National and State Parks, Glacier Bay National Park, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Grand Teton National Park, and parts of Glacier National Park and Yellowstone National Park. There are several Canadian National Parks in the Northwest Pacific including the Rim Rim National Park on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park in Selkirk Range with Rogers Pass, Kootenay National Park and Yoho National Park in England Columbia wings from the Rockies, Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve in Haida Gwaii, and Bay Islands National Park Reserve in the Georgia Strait. There are many protected areas in British Columbia and in the United States.

Other outstanding natural features include Columbia River Gorge, Fraser Canyon, Mt. Helens, Malaspina Glacier, and Hells Canyon. The middle-south Coast Mountains of British Columbia contains five of the world's largest latitude ice fields.

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Climate

The Pacific Northwest experiences a variety of climates. The oceanic climate ("northwest coast climate") occurs in most coastal areas, usually between high seas and high altitudes. The Alpine climate dominates in the high mountains. The semi-arid and dry climates are found in the east of the higher mountains, especially in the rainshadow areas. The Harney Valley in Oregon is an example of a dry climate in the Pacific Northwest. The humid continent's climate occurs on land on the windward side, in places like Revelstoke, British Columbia. Subarctic climates can be found further north, especially in the Yukon and Alaska.

Under the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification, the hot-summer version of the dry summer summer ( Csb ), is assigned to much of the Northwest Pacific region as far north as the center of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands, including cities like Victoria, British Columbia, Seattle, and Portland. These zones are not related to typical Mediterranean climate, and will be classified as Temperate Oceanic (Ccb ), unless typical dry summer patterns in the Pacific Northwest meet the minimum Koeppen Cs threshold. Other climatic classification systems, such as Trewartha, place these areas strongly in the Oceanic zones ( Do ).

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Ecoregions

Most of the Pacific Northwest is forested. The Georgia Strait-Puget Sound Basin is divided between British Columbia and Washington, and the tropical rainforest ecoregion of the Pacific, which is the world's largest tropical rain forest in a system created by the World Wildlife Fund, stretches along the coast from Alaska to California. The inland dryland areas of the Cascade Mountains and Coast Mountains are very different from coastal terrain and climates due to the effects of mountain rain shadows, and comprise the highlands of Columbia, Fraser and Thompson and the mountains contained within them. The interior climates mostly in eastern Washington, southern central British Columbia, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho are the northern extension of the Great Basin Desert, which stretches across Great Basin further south, though in the north and east, drylands and deserts Areas near the end of the Cascades and Coastal Mountain basins with boreal forests and various alpine flora regimes typical of eastern British Columbia, northern Idaho and western Montana are roughly along longitudinal lines defined by the Idaho border with Washington and Oregon.

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Population

Most of the Pacific Northwest population is concentrated in the Portland-Seattle-Vancouver corridor. This area is sometimes seen as a mega-city (also known as conurbation, agglomeration, or megalopolis). This "big city" runs along Interstate 5 in the states of Oregon and Washington, and Hwy 99 in the province of British Columbia. In 2004, the combined population of the Lower Mainland region (which includes Greater Vancouver), the Seattle metropolitan area, and the Portland metropolitan area numbered about eight million people. However, outside the mega-city with some exceptions, the PNW region is characterized by relatively low population density distributions. Some other areas with greater population density outside this corridor include the Greater Victoria area on southern Vancouver Island (with a population of about 370,000), the Okanagan Valley in the interior of British Columbia (about 350,000 people centered around the city of Kelowna, which has close to 200,000 people ), and a larger Spokane area (with about 550,000 residents). Large geographic areas may only have one medium to small city as a regional center (often in the city center), with small towns and small towns scattered around it. The vast areas of the region may have little or no population at all, largely due to the presence of vast mountains and forests, and highlands containing vast agricultural land and lots, many of which are sheltered from development in large parks and maintained, or by zoning using regulations related to traditional land use. For example, all cities in the northern part of California that belong to the Northwest Pacific have populations of less than 100,000, with parts of countries containing millions of hectares of national forests and parks.

List of the largest cities by population in the Northwest Pacific

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Politics

The large gap in political opinion separates the heavily populated urban areas and rural areas of the western mountains from less populous rural areas to the east and (in British Columbia and Alaska) to the north. Coastal areas - especially in the cities of Vancouver, Victoria, Bellingham, Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, Eugene and Ashland - are some of the most politically liberal parts of North America, regularly supporting left-wing political candidates and caused by the overwhelming majority significant, while the Interior and the North tend to be more conservative and consistently support the right-wing candidate and cause. It should be noted that religious rights have far less influence throughout the region than elsewhere in the US, and that certain areas of B.C. The interior, especially West Kootenay and some areas of Vancouver Island and B.C. Coast, has a long history of work, environment, and social activism (see British Columbia History # Rise of the labor movement).

The urban core in addition to certain rural areas is known to support liberal political views, which are considered controversial in most other North American regions. Many jurisdictions have relatively liberal abortion laws, gender equality laws, legal marijuana, and strong LGBT rights, notably British Columbia, where gay marriages have been valid since 2003, Washington, where it has been valid since 2012, and Oregon, in where same-sex marriage was legalized in May 2014. Oregon was the first US state to legalize physician-assisted suicide, with the Death with Dignity Act of 1994. The State of Washington was the second when I-1000 graduated in 2008. Colegio Cesar Chavez, the first fully-accredited Hispanic college in the US, was founded in Mount Angel, Oregon, in 1973. In 1986, King County, Washington, containing Seattle, renamed itself in honor of Martin Luther King.

These areas, especially around Puget Sound, have a long history of political radicalism. A radical labor organization called Wobblies is very strong there in the mines, camps and shipyards. A number of anarchist communes emerged there in the early 20th century (see Charles Pierce LeWarne's Utopias in Puget Sound, 1885-1915 for an overview of this popular but forgotten movement). Seattle was one of the few major cities in North America where the people were involved in a general strike (in 1919), and was the first major city in America to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes (in 1926). Socialist beliefs have been widespread (largely thanks to the large number of Scandinavian immigrants), and this region has had a number of elected Socialist officials. So big was the effect that US Pascasir General James Farley joked toast to "forty-seven states of the Union, and Soviet Washington", at a dinner in 1936 (though Farley refused to say it).

The region also has a long history of starting businesses and cooperative and communal organizations, including Group Health, REI, Puget Consumer's Co-ops and various groups of granges and gotong royong. It also has a long history of power and utility owned by the public, with many cities in the region having their own public utilities. In British Columbia, credit unions are a jointly owned and cooperatively popular financial institution.

East of the Cascades, east of Washington and eastern Oregon, populations are much more conservative. The eastern part of Washington and especially Oregon, due to their low population, generally do not have sufficient voting power to be competitive at the country level, and thus the governors and seats of the US Senate both Oregon and Washington are usually held by Democrats. Conservatism in the eastern Pacific Northwest tends to distrust the federal government's intervention and greatly protects the rights of weapons.

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Economy

• Agriculture (fruit, potatoes, Tillamook cheese, milk, wine, vegetables, wheat, hop cascade, barley, hazelnut)
• Aerospace (Boeing Commercial Airplane unit, Air Canada, Alaska Air, CHC Helicopter, Esterline, Glasair Aviation)
• Diversification (Jim Pattison Group, Finning, Washington Marine Group)
• Entertainment industry (film and television, Lions Gate Entertainment, Lionsgate Studios, Lionsgate Television, Vancouver Film Studios, Bridge Studios)
• Finance and banking (RBC, HSBC Bank Canada, Russell Investment, Umpqua Holdings Corporation)
• Forestry (Weyerhaeuser, Canfor, Tolko, Boise Cascade, Teal-Jones Group, Humboldt and Mendocino Redwood Companies, Green Diamond Resource Company)
• Fishing and canning (salmon, halibut, herring, geoducks and other shellfish, crab, sea-urchin, oysters)
• High Technology and E-commerce (Microsoft, Intel, F5 Networks, Nintendo of America, Nintendo Canada, Tektronix, Amazon.com, Expedia, Ballard Power Systems, MacDonald Dettwiler, EA Canada, Cymax Store, Micron Technology, Electronic Arts , Ballard Technology)
• Hydroelectric power (Grand Coulee Dam, Bonneville Dam, BC Hydro)
• Mass Retail (London Drug, Costco, Blenz, Starbucks, Tullys, Nordstrom, Zumiez, Albertsons)
• Microbrewing (BridgePort, Deschutes, Lost Coast Brewery, MacTarnahan, Nelson, Ninkasi, Pyramid, Widmer Brothers, Yukon)
• Mining (Goldcorp, Teck Resources)
• Outdoor Travel (ski alpine, snowboarding, hiking, kayaking, rafting, fishing, mountain biking, water sports)
• Shoes & amp; Clothes (Nike, Adidas North America, Columbia, R.E.I., Lululemon, Eddie Bauer, Co-op Mountain Tools)
• Real estate & amp; construction/construction realty.

Aluminum smelting was once an important part of the region's economy because of the abundance of very cheap hydroelectric power. The hydroelectric hydroelectric dam generated on the Columbia River supported at least ten aluminum smelters during the mid-20th century. At the end of World War II, the smelter produced more than a third of US aluminum. Production increased during the 1950s and 1960s, then declined. In the first decade of the 21st century, the aluminum industry in the Pacific Northwest was essentially dead. The Alcan smelter at Kitimat continues to operate and is fed by the transfer of the Nechako River (a tributary of Fraser) to a powerhouse on the coast at Kemano, near Kitimat.

The region as a whole, but especially certain areas, is concentrated in high-tech areas: the eastern suburbs of Seattle, the Portland Silicon Forest area, and Vancouver, B.C. These areas also lead the driving forces of the "creative class" economy, feeding the rapidly growing cultural sectors, and include many knowledge workers and many of the international advertising, media, and design firms in attendance.

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Education

Colleges and Universities in Pacific Northwest:

• British Columbia
  • List of colleges in British Columbia
  • List of universities in British Columbia
• California (Northwestern region only, which is part of Cascadia)
  • College of the Redwoods - a two-year public college, the main campus located in Eureka, California.
  • College of the Siskiyous - two-year public college, located in Weed and Yreka, California.
  • Humboldt State University - California State University (public), located in Arcata, California.
• Idaho
  • List of colleges and universities in Idaho
• Montana
  • University of Montana
  • Montana State University System
• Oregon
  • List of colleges and universities in Oregon
• Washington
  • List of colleges and universities in Washington

src: wikitravel.org

Culture

Although the dominant cultures in the Pacific Northwest today are Anglo-American, Anglo-Canadian, and Scandinavian Americans, there is a significant influence of Mexico and China. 23% of Vancouver, B.C., are Chinese, and 50% of Vancouver City residents do not speak English as their first language. Parts of Oregon and Washington are bilingual in both English and Spanish, and native American cultures are strong throughout the Pacific Northwest. The hippie movement also began in California and the Pacific Northwest. There is a proposal for certain parts of the Pacific Northwest to be a country of its own because of the ecoregion and culture together, the most famous being Cascadia. However, this region is deeply divided by international borders, and this division has grown more than less strongly during the 20th century. Carl Abbott argues that, given the twin factors of limited economic integration vis-a-vis NAFTA, and cultural similarity, he views the big cities as "separated" as the gateways of east-west communications, competing against each other, rather than forming north-south connector of the temporary "mega-region".

The use of cannabis is relatively popular, especially around Vancouver, B.C., Victoria, Bellingham, Seattle, Olympia, Spokane, Portland, and Eugene. Some of these jurisdictions have made arrests for marijuana a low priority of enforcement. Medical marijuana is legal in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, as well as in Alaska, although the country prohibits its sale, and has no licensed pharmacy, and in Yukon, even though less than 50 inhabitants of the region are licensed to use medical marijuana, there are legal pharmacies operating within its borders. On December 6, 2012, the ownership of less than an ounce of marijuana for recreational use by people over the age of 21 becomes legal in Washington state as a result of the state ballot size Initiative 502, approved by the state voters on November 6. , 2012, with a difference of ten points. Starting July 1, 2015, recreational marijuana use is also legalized in Oregon.

Environmentalism

Environmentalism stands out throughout the region, especially in the west of the Cascades. Environmentally conscious services such as recycling and public transport are widespread, especially in more densely populated areas. The 2007 statistical analysis ranked the 50 Green Cities in the United States, placing Portland, Oregon first, Eugene, Oregon, fifth, and Seattle, Washington, the eighth. The region as a whole is also known for its bicycle culture as a form of alternative transportation; Portland is considered by Forbes Traveler as the second most bicycle friendly city in the world. Portland is also an American bicycle manufacturing center; generating more than $ 68 million in revenue in 2007 alone. Seattle, Washington has also garnered a reputation for its contribution to public transportation with the Transit Puget Sound system, including an underground light rail system and a 38.9% worker trip rate in 2011. Politically, the Pacific Northwest is actively involved in environmental efforts. International organization Greenpeace was born in Vancouver in 1970 as part of a major public opposition movement in British Columbia to test US nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians. The countries of the Liberal and Conservative Northwest, such as former Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA) and moderate Democrats such as former House Speaker Tom Foley (D-WA), have been prominent in the development of a conservative approach to environmental protection. Seattle in particular is home to a large number of publications and institutions concerned with the environment and sustainability, including World Banking and Grist.org, the two largest online in the US. green magazines. The Pacific Northwest is also famous for a large number of gardening clubs, with Victoria having an annual interest rate in February.

A direct ocean intervention protection group known as the Shepherd Conservation Society has its headquarters at Friday Harbor on San Juan Island.

In the neighborhood of British Columbia struggled to protect Clayoquot Sound in the 1980s and 1990s. The province has recently approved environmental protection in the Great Bear Rain Forest.

Music

The modern era of the Pacific Northwest is known for indie music, especially grunge, alternative rock, and metal and folk music that are historical and powerful as well as world music traditions. Many are associated with Sub Pop independent labels. Lately this region has also received attention for Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest. KEXP.org is a popular and popular public indie music radio station in Seattle. Among the largest music festivals in the area are the Merritt Mountain Music Festival, Vancouver Folk Music Festival, Sasquatch! Music festivals in George, Washington, Seattle's Bumbershoot, Boise's Treefort Music Fest, and Portland's MusicfestNW. Portland's Waterfront Blues Festival is the largest blues-based festival west of the Mississippi River.

Local artists who became the most famous rock bands of their time include Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Foo Fighters, The Decemberists, and Sleater-Kinney. But the history of Northwest rock can be traced back to the mid-1950s and 1960s with bands like The Sonics, The Ventures, The Kingsmen, and Paul Revere and the Raiders.

Cuisine

Regional cuisine includes wild salmon, huckleberries, a variety of Asian dishes, and locally produced fruits, vegetables and cheeses.

Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Italian, Mexican and Greek cuisines are prevalent throughout the Northwest, and reflect the strong presence of these communities in the restaurant industry there. The teriyaki restaurant is very common in the Seattle area. Restaurants serving Persian, Asian Fusion, and Indo-Canadian cuisine are common throughout Greater Vancouver, as are ethnic specialty restaurants of all kinds. Ethnic staples ranging from frozen peroggy to frozen dim sum are common in most supermarkets in this community.

Local-made craft beers and premium wines from various grape vines in the region are popular with drinkers and visitors. The northern latitudes and coastal winds create a climate that attracts international recognition for vineyards and wineries that are mostly family owned and operated.

Portland is a major microbrewery center in America, and is home to the Widmer Brothers Brewery.

Sports

Skiing, snowboarding, biking, hiking, hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, boating and water sports are popular outdoor activities. Vancouver, Seattle, Tacoma, Portland and Spokane are home to many professional sports teams, including BC Lions, Vancouver Canucks, Vancouver Canadians, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Vancouver Stealth, Seattle Mariners, Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC, Seattle Reign FC, Seattle, Everett Aquasox, Tacoma Rainiers, Portland Trail Blazers, Portland Timbers, Portland Thorns FC, Hillsboro Hops, Salem-Keiser Volcano, Eugene Emeralds, and Spokane Indians.

Three USSF Division 1 US league teams rival Whitecaps FC, Sounders FC, and Timbers play to sell out spectators and compete annually for the Cascadia Cup. USSF Division 4 The USL Premier Development League also has seven teams in the Northwest Division. In addition to all this, the region has its own non-FIFA team representative who joined the official NF-Board in 2013 to participate in a friendly and VIVA World Cup.

In 2018, the Cascadia Association Football Federation competes in the 2018 World Cup Soccer World Cup representing the Northwest Pacific.

Vancouver is home to a 4-team league for Australian football, the Australian Football League of British Columbia, one of several Australian football leagues.

Hockey is the most popular sporting audience in British Columbia, with Vancouver Canucks from NHL being the most popular professional team, although Vancouver Giants of Western Hockey League also has a very strong following. CFL's BC Lions are considered Vancouver's second most popular team, although football and FC Whitecaps have increased in popularity in recent years. Hockey slowly gained popularity south of the border as well, with Portland Winterhawks.

Followers of the Portland Trail Blazers basketball team call themselves as Sixth Man and Blazermania refers to fans of the tremendous dedication have shown the team. In Seattle, many fans are still upset over the Seattle SuperSonics movement while supporters of the Seattle Seahawks football team are officially known as the 12th Man. And support groups (ie Emerald City Supporters, Timbers Army and Vancouver Southsiders) of the three MLS teams in the region are renowned for their passion and dedication to their team.

The only NASCAR track in the Seattle/Portland area is Evergreen Speedway, the largest short lane west of the Mississippi River and has hosted many NASCAR marcee racers. With three oval tracks, eight tracks and various street variants, Evergreen Speedway operates throughout the year. Evergreen Speedway hosts NASCAR Whelen All American Series, NASCAR K & amp; N Pro Series West, National Eight Events, USAC, SCCA, plus Touring Groups and Formula Drift.

In Washington and Oregon, many residents are passionate about college athletics. In Washington, NCAA's major athletic programs Division I college are the University of Washington Huskies and Washington State Cougars. In Oregon, the main courses are the University of Oregon Ducks and Oregon State Beavers. These four programs are members of the Pac-12 Conference and compete with each other in various sports. These universities are all considered rivals to each other, especially in college football. The most significant of these rivalries is the Oregon - Washington game, the Washington - Washington State game, a.k.a. The Apple Cup (so named for Washington's fame for apple production) and the Oregon-Oregon State a.k.a game. Civil War. As in professional sports, college fans in the Pacific Northwest are known to be passionate about their team. Both the Husky Stadium (where Washington Huskies play football) and the Autzen Stadium (where the Oregon Ducks play soccer) have earned a reputation for deafening sound, though not the greatest place on the football campus. The Husky Stadium currently holds the record for the loudest crowd noise in NCAA history at 130 decibels, while the Autzen Stadium currently holds the record for 4th in 127 decibels.

Video game

Seattle is considered by the magazine's Digital Trends to be the top gaming city in America, an indicator that may be higher than the level of video game usage across the Pacific Northwest in general. Most large companies are headquartered in the Seattle metropolitan area, including Microsoft, Nintendo of America (a wholly owned subsidiary of Nintendo), Valve Corporation, Bungie, and Sony Computer Entertainment subsidiary Sucker Punch Productions. Microsoft and Nintendo of America also have Canadian branches headquartered in Vancouver - Microsoft Canada and Nintendo Canada - respectively, while Electronic Arts Canada (subsidiary division of Electronic Arts) is located in the same city.

Demographics

In the US territory of the region, Latinos is a large part of the agricultural labor force in the eastern Cascade Range, and is an increase in attendance in the general labor force in the west Cascades. African Americans are less numerous in the Pacific Northwest; However, the African American population as a whole has grown in other small urban areas throughout the region, such as Spokane and Eugene. African Americans tend to concentrate in western urban areas such as Tacoma, southern Seattle, and Portland. Nonetheless, blacks have a very large presence in Tacoma's Hilltop and South Tacoma neighborhoods, Seattle Central District and Rainier Valley neighborhoods, and in Portland's Northeast Quadrant. The number of people in Vancouver has also increased, especially Africans, Jamaicans and blacks from the United States. In the first decade of the 21st century, many Asians moved out and entered the middle-class suburbs, though some would voice concerns about the preservation of the historical community especially in Vancouver. British Columbia has Asia's largest per capita presence in North America, with 10% of the population being of Chinese descent and also a large number of South Asians, Filipinos, and others. Asia's presence in the US part of the Pacific Northwest is relatively smaller, with all Asian groups together comprising about 8% of the Washington state population, and smaller numbers in Oregon and Idaho. This is because of the immigration quota at the federal level, since while Canada has one tenth of the population of the United States, it takes a quarter of the number of immigrants.

African-Americans have occupied Mayor positions in Seattle and Spokane; King County Executive, while Washington state elected a Chinese American governor in the 1990s, Gary Locke.

British Colombians of many ethnic groups stand out at all levels of politics and government, and the province has a number of "firsts" in Canadian political history, including the first non-white Premier, Ujjal Dosanjh (the Indo-Canadian) and the first Asian Lieutenant Governor , Your Honour. David Lam. The Lieutenant-Governor 2007-2012, Steven Point, is of Aboriginal origin, became StÃÆ'³: l? (Dominant Coast Salish type in B.C.'s Lower Mainland) of the Chilliwack area. The leader of the opposition party from 2005 to 2011, the NDP, is Carole James, from some origin. Colonial governor James Douglas himself mulatto extraction of Guyana and his wife came from Cree.

On LGBT representation in government, Oregon has become a national leader. At the time of his election to the Portland mayor's office in 2008, Sam Adams was the first gay individual to openly represent the city of Portland in the United States. In Silverton, Oregon, the same year, Stu Rasmussen was elected as the first transgender mayor in US history. The two supreme judges of LGBT countries in the country sit in the Supreme Court of Oregon. Oregon Gov. Kate Brown is the highest bisexual politician in the United States.

Language

Most Americans and Canadians consider the Northwest Pacific accent to be "neutral", though it is not clear from the Midwestern dialect that some believers symbolize the American speech. It has a low back vowel merger, or cot-caught merger. Canadian generation occurs in British Columbia and some speakers in Washington with the same level as in southern Ontario, but weaker than other parts of Canada. The California Vowel Shift also affects speeches in the region.

Chinook Jargon is a pidgin or trading language established among the natives of the area. After contact with Europe, France, England, and Cree's words entered the language, and "finally, Chinook became a lingua franca for as many as 250,000 people along the Pacific Slope from Alaska to Oregon". Chinook Jargon reached its peak usage in the 19th century, although it remains common in resource areas and wilderness, in particular, but not exclusively, by Native Americans and Canadian First Nations, both into the 20th century. Today, its influence is felt largely in the place of names and some local slang terms, especially the word skookum , which remains the hallmark of people raised in the region.

In addition to English and native, Mandarin has been common since gold rush in the mid-19th century, especially in British Columbia. Since the 1980s, Toishan, the dominant Yue dialect in the area, has been replaced by mainstream Cantonese and Mandarin streams due to large-scale immigration from Asia. Punjabi is also common in Vancouver, which has a very large Sikh community from India. Spanish is also spoken in parts of Oregon and Washington by Mexicans, both new immigrants and long-standing societies.

The Desire of National Self-Esteem

Among the highly independent and leading attributes of the Oregon countries and now the Western Part of the United States, is the desire of many Pacific Northwesterners to improve their form of Democracy by further dividing the region into socio-politics or bioregion defines the nation state. Some desires are transnational and autonomous from the United States while others expect to gain additional representational control in certain areas of the Northwest. Among the changing geographic boundaries and areas sought by the segment of the Northwest population are as follows:

• Pacific Northwest Movement of Independence and Peace
  • Cascadia
  • Jefferson
  • Lincoln
  • Northwest Region

Spirituality and religion

The Pacific Northwest has the lowest church attendance rate in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism; this is most prominent in the western part of the Cascades. A recent study shows that a quarter of them in Washington and Oregon do not believe in religion. Similarly, according to the National Household Survey 2011, 44% of British Columbia residents did not report religion.

Religion plays a smaller part in Western Pacific politics than in the rest of the United States. Religious rights have far less political influence than elsewhere. Conservative politics in the Northwest Pacific tend to identify more strongly with free-market libertarian values ​​than they do with more religious social conservatives.

It said three of the four major international charities in the region are religious: the Northwest International Medical Team, World Concern, World Vision International, and Mercy Corps. This is part of a long tradition of activist religion. The Skid Road Group, a shelter offering soup and sermons to unemployed and recovering alcoholics, was launched in Vancouver, with the Salvation Army having deep roots in the Gastown district, dating back to the era of construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1880s). ) and achieve excellence in the same centers during the Klondike Gold Rush.

This region is also known as a magnet for various philosophical and spiritual belief systems. Eastern spiritual beliefs have been adopted by a large number of people (according to North American standards), and Tibetan Buddhism in particular has strong local followers. The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association, claimed to be the largest organization in the world, was founded in Portland in 1993.

This region is home to many unique Christian communities, ranging from Doukhobor to Mennonites. The Mennonite Central Committee Supportive Support Services based at Abbotsford, B.C. The Mennonite Central Committee and the Mennonite Disaster Service enjoy a high level of registration and donation from the powerful Mennonite community in the Fraser Valley in British Columbia. The Doukhobor, whose church is the Spiritual Community Union of Christ, is a Russian anabaptist sect that migrates to Canada assisted by Count Leo Tolstoy, and is currently focussed on the West Kootenay and Boundary areas of southeast British Columbia. Their history in Canada includes resistance to state education and industrial development (see Sons of Freedom). Also, in this region, there is a fairly strong representation of the Orthodox churches (Greek, Russian, Serbian, and others), as well as the Greek Greek Catholic Church of Ukraine. Willamette Valley in Oregon has a large population of elderly Russian believers. Religions based in the Northwest Pacific include the Roman Catholic provinces of Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States, Anglican Churches of British Columbia and Yukon, and the suffragan diocese which make up the provinces.

The teachings of yoga, tasawwuf, tribal and ancient beliefs and other philosophies are widely studied and valued in this region. The Lower Mainland of British Columbia has a very large Sikh community. Oregon has a sizable Quaker (Society of Friends) population. There has been a great growth in Chinese Buddhist temples since the increase in immigration from East Asia in the 1980s, especially in Vancouver.

Also in Vancouver, there are small Hindu populations, a number of Parsee (Zoroastrian), and an emerging Muslim, especially the 11,000-strong Ismailis, inhabitants from South Asia, Middle East, Africa, the Balkans, Southeast Asia and elsewhere..

Some people in the area also embraced alternative religions, such as New Age spirituality and Neo-Paganism. A New Thought church named Living Enrichment Center with 4,000 members is located in Wilsonville, Oregon, from 1992 to 2004.

• The Twelve Brothers ran a controversial commune on the British Columbia Bay Islands at the beginning of the 20th century
• The Emissaries of Divine Light is an important presence in the 100 Mile House, British Columbia region and also has a large ashram at Kootenay Lake, northeast of Nelson, British Columbia.
• Gangaji, an internationally recognized spiritual teacher and pupil of Poonjaji, lives in Ashland, Oregon
• Followers of Guru Rajneesh, sannyasin , set up centers for their beliefs and lifestyles near Antelope, Oregon, which included the ashram complex and, for the time being, takeover efforts from the local economy
• The immortal training school (according to the organization) is Ramtha headquartered in Yelm, Washington
• Eckhart Tolle, author of The Power Of Now , lives in Vancouver, British Columbia
• Neale Donald Walsch, author of Conversations with God , lives in Ashland, Oregon, where he runs a retreat center

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See also

• The Northeast Atlantic, another region divided between Canada and the US.
• Climate change in Washington
• Megaregions from the United States
• Northwest Coast Art
• List of Range Topics

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Notes and references

Notes

References

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Further reading

• Blair, Karen J., ed. Women in Pacific Northwest History: An Anthology (2nd ed., from Washington Press, 2014).
• Blumm, Michael C. "Environment, Economy, and Community in the Northwest Pacific". Overview of Land Law and Public Resources 17.1 (2013): 2 online
• Gastil, Raymond D., and Barnett Singer. Pacific Northwest: Regional Identity Growth (McFarland, 2010) 221 p. ISBNÃ, 978-0-7864-4540-0
• Inglis, Robin. Historical Dictionary of the Invention and Exploration of the Northwest Coast of America (Scarecrow, 2008) lxxvi 429 p. ISBNÃ, 978-0-8108-5551-9
• Lavender, David. The Land of the Giants: The Drive to Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950 (1958) online
• Pomeroy, Earl. Pacific Slope: History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (2nd ed. 2003)
• Schwantes, Carlos. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History (2nd ed. 1996) online
• Vogel, Eve. "Defines one Northwest Pacific among many possibilities: The political construction of an area and its rivers during the New Deal". Western History Quarterly 42.1 (2011): 28-53. in JSTOR
• Warren, Sidney. Farthest Frontier: The Pacific Northwest (1949) online
• White, Richard. Organic machines: Columbia River Restoration (Macmillan, 2011) online (PDF)
• Winther, Oscar Osburn. Great ocean: history (Greenwood Press, 1981)

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External links

Source of the article : Wikipedia