Knock-down kit is a kit that contains the parts needed to assemble a product. These parts are usually made in one country or region, then exported to another country or region for final assembly. Variant names include knockdown kits , knock-down kits , or just knockdown , and abbreviated KD or CKD .
The general shape of the knock-down is the complete knock-down ( CKD ), which is the kit of the piece of product that is completely unassembled. It is also a method of supplying spare parts to the market, especially in shipping to foreign countries, and serves as a way of calculating or pricing. CKD is a common practice in the automotive, bus, heavy and rail truck industries, as well as electronics, furniture and other products. Businesses sell defaced devices to their foreign affiliates or licensees for various reasons, including avoidance of import taxes, to accept tax preferences to provide local manufacturing work, or even be regarded as a bidder altogether (for example, in public transport projects under the rule of "national purchase" ").
The semi-knocked-down tool ( SKD ) is the kit of a partially assembled part of the product. This is also called a device that is not completely unloaded , even though it has never been assembled. Both KD types, complete and incomplete, are collectively referred to in the automotive industry as KDX (for knocked-down export ), and cars assembled in the home country and the whole are exported to the destination market is known as BUX (for native export ).
Technically, the terms "knock-down", "incomplete kit" and "kit parts" are all misnomers, because the knock-down was never built in the first place, and the delivery of parts is often not in kit form, but packed in bulk with the section types into shipping containers. The "knock-down" level depends on the desires and technical capabilities of the accepting organization, or on government import regulations. Developing countries can pursue trade and economic policies that demand import substitution or regulation of local content. Companies with CKD operations help the state replace the finished product it imports with locally assembled replacements.
Equipment assembling fallers are cheaper to set up and maintain, because they do not require modern robotic equipment, and labor is usually much cheaper than the home country. Plants may also be effective for low volume production. The CKD concept allows companies to develop markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the exporting company CKD kit gets a new market that would otherwise be closed.
Video Knock-down kit
Automotive
In the automotive industry, the most basic form of vehicles in KD kits does not have wheels, internal combustion engines, transmissions, and batteries. They are either provided as parts for assembly ("complete" kit), or obtained from a third party ("incomplete" kit); all interiors have been installed in the factory of origin. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a fully welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To obtain some additional tax preference, the manufacturer should further localize the car, that is to increase parts manufactured by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, chairs, headlights, window glass and glass, batteries, plastic interiors, etc., even to the engine and transmission. At some point, steel bodies can be pressed, welded, and painted locally, which effectively makes KD assembly only a few steps away from full-scale production.
By the time Henry Ford wrote his work in 1922 My Life and Work, Ford Motor Company had sent auto parts from its plant in Michigan to final assembly in the United States or foreign countries. where the car will be sold.
During World War II, a large number of US and Canadian-made vehicles - particularly light and heavy trucks like Willys MB/Ford GPW/GPA, GMC-353/CCKW and vehicles from the CMP family - were reduced and shipped overseas. in the form of KD, in varying degrees of completeness, to the Allied countries, to defend their war effort. Assembly lines should be established at a local automotive plant where suitable equipment and equipment can be easily found, but if necessary, other types of buildings can be used, especially in field situations, and sometimes even rebuilding open camps. established, staffed by military personnel. Due to the mobilization of men, sometimes female labor is employed. CKD military vehicles can be stored for delivery in the form of one vehicle per coffin (or SUP, Single Unit Package), or as some vehicles (usually two or three) divided into two or more chests. Vehicles sent to certain countries may lack some goods, such as taxis, beds or tires, built and provided locally.
Mahindra & amp; Mahindra Limited in India started its business in 1947 by assembling CKD Jeeps. Mahindra expanded its operations to include the manufacture of domestic Jeep vehicles with high local content levels under license from Kaiser Jeep Corporation and later American Motors (AMC).
In the 1950s and 1960s, Lotus Cars sold Lotus Seven cars in the form of CKD to avoid the UK purchase tax applicable to the sale of fully assembled vehicles.
In 1959, and with the introduction of Mini, BMC products were still imported or assembled from CKD kits in several international markets.
In 1961, Renault started negotiations for the first partnership agreement with AMC for the assembly of Rambler cars in Europe. Beginning in 1962, and continuing through 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits from passenger cars to Renault. They are assembled at the Renault plant in Haren, Belgium and sold through dealerships in Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The deal allows AMC to sell its cars in new markets without having to make a major Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The arrangement is good for French car manufacturers because its products are less large cars and need to offer "executive" models in the European market. The situation has changed in 1977. It was AMC looking for outside support for new cars in the sub-compact market segment of the United States, leading to the first of many agreements with Renault.
Volvo's Halifax Assembly Plant, which opened in 1963, completes vehicles in the form of CKD from Sweden for North American consumers. The Halifax Assembly was closed in December 1998.
In 1967, Rootes Group UK began exporting CKD Hillman Hunters to Iran where they were sold as Paykan (meaning "arrow" in Persian). Purchased by Chrysler in 1967 and then part of the sale to the PSA Group by Chrysler Corporation from its operations in Europe in late 1978, Rootes's business base in Iran became the basis for the significant PSA Peugeot Citroen business in Iran involving engines. and CKD shipments, mainly from 405, were introduced in 1990 and facelifted as Pars in 1999 and 206 were introduced in 2001. In 2004 Peugeot's Iran Khodro produced 281,000 Peugeot vehicles, securing 36% market share.
In 1967 as well, Peugeot introduced the production of CKD based pickup vehicles based on Peugeot 403 at the Peugeot Berazategui (in Buenos Aires) factory under the name Peugeot 4TB. In 1973, this model was replaced by a 404 pick-up and then (1990) by 504 pick-up. The 404 and 504 are massively marketed worldwide through local CKD assembly shops: 404 are assembled, in addition to France and Argentina, in Australia, Belgium, Canada (in the SOMA factory shared with Renault), Chile, Ireland, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, PerÃÆ'º, Rhodesia, South Africa and Uruguay; 504, mainly in Argentina, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Australia, and China by Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company which developed special cabin crew version.
In 1968, the independent German automotive company, Karmann, started assembling a newly introduced CKD kit from Javelin for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provides the right-hand drive versions of their cars to markets such as Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Components are shipped in containers to Australia from the AMC plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin, or Brampton, Ontario. The assembly of Rambler and AMC vehicles in Australia is conducted by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Local content requirements are met by using Australian suppliers for interiors (chairs, rugs, etc.) as well as for lamps, heaters, and other components. Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand from the early 1960s to 1971 by Campbell Motors on the Thames (later Toyota New Zealand), which also built Toyota, Datsun, Hino, Renault, and Peugeot cars.
New Zealand has developed a car assembly industry as a means of import substitution and provides local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including a reduction in import tariffs, the ability to import Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the CER agreement, many car companies ended up in New Zealand and switched to importing fully built vehicles from Japan, Australia. , or Europe. More importantly, the easing of import restrictions led to the large amount of imports used by Japan, which is much cheaper than locally made cars, and continues to exceed the number of so-called 'New NZ' vehicles. The last companies that assembled CKD devices in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Honda, which shut down their plants in 1998, when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs for cars.
More recent examples include Ukraine, which almost has a very expensive import tax for ready-made cars. AutoZAZ assembles CKD kits from several Lada cars, Opel, Mercedes-Benz, and Daewoo. It went as far as adopting the Daewoo Lanos version for full-scale production and equipping it with domestic engines. German automotive giant - Volkswagen Group also manufactures SKDs in Ukraine at Solomonovo plant, produces cars under its marines and Volkswagen Passenger Cars.
In Russia, KD's most renowned assembly facility is owned by Avtotor, which produces Hummer H2, BMW 3 Series and BMW 5 Series in Kaliningrad, and Renault Logan in Moscow uses facilities that once belonged to AZLK. In Kaluga, Volkswagen Group is currently building a new plant, which, when completed, is expected to have an annual output of 150,000 units.
Daimler AG owns a CKD assembly plant in South Carolina that re-assembles Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans for sale in the United States and Canada at Mercedes-Benz and Freightliner dealers, along with Dodge dealerships prior to the takeover of Chrysler Group Group by Fiat Group - essentially to avoid tariffs 25% on imported light trucks known as "Chicken Tax". Sprinter was eventually replaced in the Dodge/Ram lineup with a similar ProMaster Ram, rejuvenated Fiat Ducato. Unlike CKD Dodge Sprinter, ProMaster is fully imported into the US from the Chrysler plant in Mexico, which is part of the North American Free Trade Agreement and is not subject to the Chicken Tax.
In 2009, Mahindra & amp; Mahindra Limited announced that it will export diesel-powered pickup trucks from India to the United States in the form of knockdown kits (CKD), again to avoid chicken taxes. Mahindra plans to export CKD to the United States as a complete vehicle to be assembled in the United States from spare parts shipped in crates. However, the US CKD and Mahindra's export plans have never materialized and become the subject of several lawsuits.
Since 2013 Tesla operates an assembly plant in Tilburg, The Netherlands. It is used for the assembly of the fully electric Model S sedan and the Model X SUV for the European Union, but not all of Europe because only cars imported to the EU benefit from avoiding the 10% import duty (eg cars to Norway shipped directly from the United States). For the majority of cars are still produced at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. During the last assembly in the Netherlands, various parts were added to the car especially the rear subframe with the drive train as well as the battery.
Maps Knock-down kit
The North American Industrial Bus opened operations in Anniston, Alabama, in 1993, with an incomplete bus sent from Budapest, Hungary, to Anniston for final assembly. NABI expanded production operations in Anniston to enable full production with the first domestic-produced bus unit in 2008.
src: hanabi.autoweek.com
Rail
- The practice of selling the "knocked down" sled, called by that name, before the 20th century, as evidenced by an advertisement by JG Brill and Company in the Street Railway Journal of 1898.
- Many railway equipment builders have used incomplete kits or vehicles, often to meet local assembly and production requirements or quotas, or to meet tariffs. Some examples include:
- During the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s, Car Company St. Louis sends bullets and PCC streetcar bodycar to the north for assembly by Canadian Car & amp; Casting. Toronto PCC Transit Fleet (TTC) is purchased and shipped with this method.
- The Bombardier ship is incomplete from its plant in La PocatiÃÆ'¨re, Quebec, to Plattsburgh, New York, and (until 2002) Barre, Vermont, a facility for final assembly. This is to comply with the "American Buying Act" for the US public transit agency and tariff rules. Since 2009 the Plattsburgh assembly plant has full welding and stainless steel fabrication capabilities, enabling automobiles to be fully assembled and completed on site.
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) has an assembly plant in Yonkers, New York, which completes the final assembly of cars using corpses sent from Kobe, Japan. KHI also owns a car factory in Lincoln, Nebraska, a complete car built there and can be shipped to Yonkers for completion.
- Alstom's Hornell, New York, assembly plant manufactures finished cars that have finished using stainless body assemblies sent from the Lapa plant in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The same production method was used by Morrison Knudsen when building a new passenger car at Hornell outlets in the 1990s.
- From their first US order of the South Shore Line in 1982 to the opening of manufacturing and assembly of whole-body assembly in Rochelle, Illinois thirty years later, Nippon Sharyo sent commuter trains from Japan to US producers, including the American unit of Sumitomo.
- Hyundai Rotem opens an assembly facility in South Philadelphia, located in an industrial park off Columbus Boulevard. Car shells are assembled, equipped and completed for delivery on this site, served by Conrail on the Philadelphia Belt Line, enabling delivery of new cars by train.
- The 1995 and 1996 London Underground fleets have aluminum bodies built by Alstom in Barcelona with a completed assembly at Metro-Cammell working at Washwood Heath, Birmingham.
src: acmecarco.com
Aircraft
Unsold military aircraft are also sold as "knock-downs" after they end their lifetime, packing them with a usable plane. This allows them to be used for cannibalization of spare parts.
European aircraft manufacturer, Airbus, uses a knock-down device to assemble A320 family aircraft outside Europe. The final assembly line of Airbus A320 in Tianjin, China assembles fuselage, wings, and tail parts made in Europe with avionics and engines made in Europe or the United States and locally sourced components for interior. Airbus has opened a similar A320 final assembly line in the United States in September 2015, located in Mobile, Alabama; again using European-made fuselages, wings, and tail section. However, the Mobile end assembly line will use more locally sourced components than the Tianjin line; engines, interior components, and avionics will be sourced primarily from American suppliers. Both Tianjin Airbus and Mobile plants receive their airframe, wing and tail parts from Europe through sea transport using specially designed vessels, as they are located in port cities.
src: hanabi.autoweek.com
Housing
A 1908 ad at Popular Mechanics proved that knock-down devices for homes existed in the market at the beginning of the 20th century, if not earlier.
src: hanabi.autoweek.com
See also
- Rules of origin
src: hanabi.autoweek.com
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
- During the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s, Car Company St. Louis sends bullets and PCC streetcar bodycar to the north for assembly by Canadian Car & amp; Casting. Toronto PCC Transit Fleet (TTC) is purchased and shipped with this method.
- The Bombardier ship is incomplete from its plant in La PocatiÃÆ'¨re, Quebec, to Plattsburgh, New York, and (until 2002) Barre, Vermont, a facility for final assembly. This is to comply with the "American Buying Act" for the US public transit agency and tariff rules. Since 2009 the Plattsburgh assembly plant has full welding and stainless steel fabrication capabilities, enabling automobiles to be fully assembled and completed on site.
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) has an assembly plant in Yonkers, New York, which completes the final assembly of cars using corpses sent from Kobe, Japan. KHI also owns a car factory in Lincoln, Nebraska, a complete car built there and can be shipped to Yonkers for completion.
- Alstom's Hornell, New York, assembly plant manufactures finished cars that have finished using stainless body assemblies sent from the Lapa plant in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The same production method was used by Morrison Knudsen when building a new passenger car at Hornell outlets in the 1990s.
- From their first US order of the South Shore Line in 1982 to the opening of manufacturing and assembly of whole-body assembly in Rochelle, Illinois thirty years later, Nippon Sharyo sent commuter trains from Japan to US producers, including the American unit of Sumitomo.
- Hyundai Rotem opens an assembly facility in South Philadelphia, located in an industrial park off Columbus Boulevard. Car shells are assembled, equipped and completed for delivery on this site, served by Conrail on the Philadelphia Belt Line, enabling delivery of new cars by train.
- The 1995 and 1996 London Underground fleets have aluminum bodies built by Alstom in Barcelona with a completed assembly at Metro-Cammell working at Washwood Heath, Birmingham.
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