First aid

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First aid is the assistance given to everyone who suffers from a sudden illness or injury, is carefully provided to sustain life, prevent conditions from deteriorating, or to promote recovery. This includes early intervention in serious conditions before available professional medical help, such as performing CPR while waiting for an ambulance, as well as complete treatment for mild conditions, such as applying plaster to wounds. First aid is generally done by ordinary people, with many people trained to provide basic first-aid levels, and others willing to do so from the knowledge gained. First aid mental health is an extension of the first aid concept to cover mental health.

There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have laws, regulations or guidelines that establish the minimum level of first aid provision under certain circumstances. This may include specialized training or equipment that will be available in the workplace (such as Automatic External Defibrillator), provision of first aid rescue specialists at public meetings, or mandatory first aid training within the school. However, first aid does not require special equipment or prior knowledge, and may involve improvisation with material available at the time, often by untrained people.

First aid can be done on all mammals, although this article deals with the care of human patients.

Video First aid

Early history and war

The skills of what is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, especially in relation to warfare, where the treatment of traumatic and medical cases is required in very large numbers. Battle wounds are shown in Classical Greek pottery from about 500 BC, while the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds. There are many references to first aid done in Roman soldiers, with a first aid system supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals. The Roman legion has a special role of capsarii, who is responsible for first aid such as bandages, and is a pioneer of modern combat officers.

A further example occurs through history, still largely related to combat, with examples like the Hospitaller Knights of the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights in the Holy Land.

Formalization of lifesaving care

During the late 18th century, drowning as the cause of death became a major concern among the population. In 1767, the community for the preservation of life from water accidents began in Amsterdam, and in 1773, doctor William Hawes began publishing the power of artificial respiration as a means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of the Society for the Restoration of Apparently Drowned People, then the Royal Humane Society, which did much to promote resuscitation.

Napoleon surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an ambulance corps (ambulance volantes), which includes medical assistants, assigned to provide first aid in combat.

In 1859 Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the consequences of the Battle of Solferino, and his work led to the formation of the Red Cross, with the main purpose of declaring "relief for sick and hurt soldiers in the field". The Red Cross and Red Crescent are still the world's largest first aid providers.

In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced the first aid formalized to the military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translated "first aid"), including training for soldiers in the Franco-Prussian War on care for comrades who was injured. using the bandaged skill and splint skills, and utilizing the Esmarch bandage she designed. The bandage is issued as a standard for Prussian warriors, and also includes aide-memoire drawings showing general use.

In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospital care, and began to initiate a system of practical medical help, beginning with grants for the establishment of the first ambulance service in England. This was followed by creating his own wheeled wheel transport in 1875 (St. John Ambulance), and in 1877 founded the St John Ambulance Association (modern St. John Ambulance pioneer) "to train men and women for the benefit of illness and injury".

Also in England, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd has seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teachings about first aid, and introduced an equivalent program for the British Army, and therefore became the first user of "first aid for the wounded" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. After this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the new focus of St. John, and formed the concept of teaching first-aid skills to civilians. The first classes are held in the Presbyterian school hall in Woolwich (near the Woolwich barracks where Shepherd is) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum.

First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organizations such as St John, often starting, as in England, with high-risk activities such as ports and trains.

Maps First aid

Destination

The primary purpose of first aid can be summarized in four main points, sometimes known as 'three P': -

• Preserve life : The primary purpose of all medical care including first aid, is to save lives and minimize death threats.
• Prevent further damage : Prevent further damage also sometimes called prevent the condition from deteriorating , or the danger of further injury , this includes both external factors, such as removing patients from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent deteriorating conditions, such as applying pressure to stop harmful bleeding.
• Promote recovery : First aid also involves attempts to initiate the recovery process from illness or injury, and in some cases may involve completing the treatment, as in the case of applying the plaster to a small wound.
• first aid helps to stop unwanted injury from being a major cause by providing medical help such as bandages, some medicines, fluids to stop blood clots, tubes for burns and cutting to stop blood that comes out of the nerve

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Key skills

Certain skills are considered essential for the provision of first aid and are taught everywhere. Especially the first aid "ABC", which focuses on critical life-saving interventions, should be given before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway , Breathing , and Circulation . The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be taken to the airway to make sure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Upon airway evaluation, the first aid worker will determine the adequacy of breathing and provide respiratory assistance if necessary. Circulatory assessment is now not usually done for patients who are not breathing, with first aid now being trained to direct to chest compression (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse examination may be performed in less serious patients.

Some organizations add the fourth step "D" to Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation , while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations of techniques for evaluating and maintaining ABC depend on the level of first directing skills. Once ABC is safe, first aid can start additional treatments, as needed. Some organizations teach the same priority sequences using "3B": Breathing , Bleeding , and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing , Bleeding , Burns , and Bones ). While ABC and 3B are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require two-step considerations simultaneously. These include the provision of artificial respiration and chest compression in a person who is not breathing and has no pulse, and consideration of a cervical spine injury while ensuring the airway is open.

Preserving life

In order to survive, everyone needs to have an open airway - a clear section where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down into the lungs, without obstruction. People who are conscious of maintaining their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with less than 8 GCS) may not be able to maintain a patent airway, because parts of the brain that automatically control breathing in normal situations may not work.

If the patient is breathing, the first aider will usually place them in a recovery position, with the patient leaning on his side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in an unconscious patient, who chokes on outbreaks.

The airways can also be blocked through foreign objects lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first assistant will be taught to handle this through a combination of 'back slaps' and 'thrust stomach'.

Once the airway is open, the first assistant will assess whether the patient is breathing. If there is no respiration, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first caregiver will do what is probably the best known first aid procedure - cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, involving breathing for the patient, and manual massage. heart to encourage blood flow throughout the body.

The first aides may also be trained in handling injuries such as wounds, bulk or fractures. They may be able to handle the situation as a whole (small adhesive bandages on pieces of paper), or it may be necessary to maintain a broken bone condition, until the next definitive treatment stage (usually an ambulance) arrives.

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Training

Basic principles, such as knowing to use adhesive bandages or applying direct pressure on bleeding, are often obtained passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective and life-saving first aid interventions requires practical instruction and training. This is especially true when it comes to diseases and injuries that are potentially fatal, such as those requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may be invasive, and carry the risk of further injury to patients and providers. As with training, it would be more useful to occur before the actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance officers can provide basic first aid instructions by telephone when ambulances are on the way.

Training is usually provided by taking courses, usually leading to certification. Because of regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skills, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for employee training to do first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide commercial services, complementing their community programs.

Special Discipline

There are several types of first aid (and first aid) that require special additional training. This is usually done to meet the demands of work or activities undertaken.

• Sea/Sea first aid is usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional seafarers or diver divers, and covers specific issues that may be encountered after water-based or delayed rescue. MedEvac.
• First aid battlefield considers the particular need to deal with wounded and non-combatant fighters during armed conflict.
• First aid hyperbaric may be performed by SCUBA dive professionals, who need to treat bend-like conditions.
• First aid oxygen is the provision of oxygen to victims suffering from conditions that result in hypoxia.
• First aid of the wilderness is the provision of first aid in conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or evacuation of the injured person may be delayed due to terrain, weather, and available people or equipment. It may be necessary to care for the injured person for several hours or days.
• First aid mental health is taught separately from the first physical help. How to support someone who has mental health problems or in a crisis situation. Also how to identify the first signs of a person developing sick mental health and guiding people to the right help.

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First aid service

Some people undertake special training to provide first aid at public or private events, during filming, or other places where people gather. They can be set as first helper , or use some other titles. This role can be done on a voluntary basis, with organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or as workers paid with medical contractors.

People who perform first-aid roles, whether in professional or voluntary capacity, are often expected to have high-level first aid training and are often uniformed.

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Symbol

Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of the red cross is the official patron of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the use of these symbols and similar symbols is provided for official agents of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a symbol of protection for medical personnel and facilities in combat. situation. Use by other people or organizations is illegal, and may lead to prosecution.

The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on the green background shown below.

Some organizations may use Star of Life, though this is usually reserved for use by ambulance services, or can use symbols such as Maltese Cross, such as Order of Malta Ambulance Corps and St. John Ambulance. Other symbols can also be used.

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Conditions that often require first aid

Also see medical emergencies.

• altitude sickness, which can begin in people susceptible to altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, may cause potentially fatal brain or lung swelling.
• Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airways can be limited and patients may experience shock. Reactions can be caused by systemic allergic reactions to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis was initially treated with epinephrine injections.
• First aid battlefield - This protocol refers to the treatment of shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, fractures, etc. as seen in 'traditional' battlefield settings or in areas damaged by large-scale weaponry, such as bomb blasts.
• Bone fractures, fractures were initially treated by stabilizing fractures with splints.
• Burns, which can cause tissue damage and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
• Cardiac Arrest, which will cause death unless CPR should be combined with AED starting within minutes. Often there is no time to wait for emergency services to arrive because 92 percent of people suffering sudden heart attacks die before reaching the hospital according to the American Heart Association.
• Choking, airway obstruction that can quickly lead to death from lack of oxygen if the patient's trachea is not cleared, for example by Heimlich Maneuver.
• Childbirth.
• Muscle cramps due to lactic acid formation are caused by lack of muscle oxygenation or lack of water or salt.
• Drowning, drowning, or shortness of breath.
• Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.
• A heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle.
• Heat stroke, also known as sunburn or hyperthermia, tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, although it can occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunburn, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to the body system such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually causes permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling in patients.
• Hair tourniquet is a condition in which the hair or other threads are fastened around the toes or fingers tight enough to cut off the bloodstream.
• Hot syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs in the same conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.
• Heavy bleeding, treated with pressure (manually and then with pressure bandage) to the wound site and lifting the limbs if possible.
• Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock).
• Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person's core body temperature falls below 33.7 Ã, Â ° C (92.6 Ã, Â ° F). First aid for patients with mild hypothermia includes rewarming, which can be achieved by wrapping the affected person in a blanket, and providing warm drinks, such as soups, and high-energy foods, such as chocolate. However, impregnating a highly hypothermic person can lead to fatal arrhythmias, irregular heart rhythms.
• Insect and animal bites and stings.
• Dislocation of joints.
• Poisoning, which can occur with injections, inhalation, absorption, or consumption.
• Seizures, or malfunctions in electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include grand mal (which usually has convulsions as well as temporary respiratory disorders, skin changes, etc.) and petit mal (which usually has a twitch, quick flicker, or anxiety and altered consciousness and transient breathing disorder).
• Muscle and sprain disorders, temporary dislocations of joints that are immediately reduced but can cause ligament damage.
• Stroke, temporary loss of blood supply to brain.
• Toothache, which can cause severe but rarely life-threatening toothache and loss, except over time the infection spreads to the jawbone and initiates osteomyelitis.
• Injuries and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Avulsion and Sucking chest wounds, treated with occlusive dressings to remove air but not enter.

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First Aid Kit

Many accidents can occur in homes, offices, schools, laboratories etc. That requires immediate attention before the patient is attended by a doctor.

First Aid Kit Creation

Although professional first aid kits are readily available, one can make simple kit easily at home. However, ready-made kits/boxes/pockets/first aid cases are recommended, as they have well-organized compartments. To create a first aid kit, a strong and durable bag or transparent plastic case should be taken and a white cross in a green box placed on the sides and at the top. This will make it easier to identify boxes for each user. This equipment must be maintained in such a way that it can be reached in an emergency.

Contents

The First Aid Kit should have the following contents:

• first aid manual different sizes
• adhesive tape
• adhesive bandages in some sizes
• elastic bandage
• a splint
• antiseptic wipes
• soap
• antibiotic ointment
• antiseptic solution (such as hydrogen peroxide or saline)
• hydrocortisone cream (1%)
• acetaminophen and ibuprofen
• additional prescription drugs (if traveling)
• tweezers
• sharp scissors
• security pins
• instant disposable cold pack
• calamin lotion
• alcohol or ethyl alcohol wipes
• thermometer
• dental preservation kit
• non-latex plastic gloves (minimum 2 pairs)
• extra flashlight and batteries
• thermal shock blanket
• spokesperson to manage CPR (available from your local Red Cross)
• blanket (stored nearby)
• First Aid Card contains emergency personal information, phone numbers, medicines, manuals,
• pocket defibrillator

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References

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External links

• First Aid Guide at Mayo Clinic
• First aid from St. John Ambulance - first aid and advice information
• First aid from the British Red Cross - including first aid tips and first aid training information
• First Aid from St. Andrew First Aid - first aid guidance and first aid training

Source of the article : Wikipedia