Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) is an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His modest and economic style - which he calls The Iceberg Theory - has a powerful influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image bring the admiration of the next generation. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short stories, and two nonfiction works. Three novels, four short stories, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classic American literature.
Hemingway grew up in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for several months to Kansas City Star before heading to the Italian Front to register as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously injured and returned home. His wartime experience forms the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).
In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of what would become the four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of modernist writers and artists from the expatriate community of "Lost Generation" in 1920. His debut novel, The Sun Also Rises, was published on 1926. After his divorce in 1927 from Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War, where he became a journalist. He based his For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) about his experience there. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they split up after he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway went on a safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two consecutive plane crashes that made him sick or sick for much of the rest his life. Hemingway defended permanent residences in Key West, Florida (in the 1930s) and Cuba (in the 1940s and 1950s). In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where in mid 1961 he shot his own head.
Video Ernest Hemingway
Life
Initial life
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Her father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, is a doctor, and her mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, is a musician. Both were highly educated and respected in Oak Park, a conservative community of people called Frank Lloyd Wright, "So many churches for so many good people to go to". For a short time after their wedding, Clarence and Grace Hemingway initially lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, their first son. Then Ernest Hemingway will say that he does not like his name, which he "associates with a naive, even stupid, hero of Oscar Wilde." The Importance of Being Earnest. The family eventually moved into a seven bedroom house in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence.
Mother Hemingway often performs at concerts around the village. As an adult, Hemingway confesses to hating his mother, although the biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway reflects his energies and enthusiasm. His firmness that he learned to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted that music lessons are useful for his writing, as seen in the "contrapuntal structures" of Who For My Bell Tolls. The family spent the summer at Windemere in Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan. Hemingway's father taught him hunting, fishing, and camping in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan as a boy, an early experience in nature that instilled passion for outdoor adventure and lived in remote or remote areas.
From 1913 to 1917, Hemingway studied at Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports - boxing, track and field, water polo, and soccer. He excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years. During his first year he had a journalistic class, structured "as if the classroom was a newspaper office", with a better writer sending pieces to the school newspaper, The Trapeze. Hemingway and Marcelline had pieces; Hemingway's first work, published in January 1916, was about a local show by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He edited the Trapeze and Tabula (yearbook), mimicked the sports writer's language, took the Ring Lardner pen name, Jr.-- nod to Ring Lardner from the Chicago Tribune the byline is "Line O'Type".
Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist; after leaving high school he worked for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter. Although he has lived there for only six months, he relies on the Star ' style guide as the basis for his writing: "Use short sentences Use short, short paragraphs Use English Be positive, not negative. "
World War I
Beginning in 1918, Hemingway responded to the Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed a contract to become an ambulance driver in Italy. He left New York in May and arrived in Paris because the city was under a bombardment of German artillery. In June, he was on the Italian Front. It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos, with whom he had had a rocky relationship for decades. On his first day in Milan, he was sent to the site of an ammunition munitions explosion, where rescue teams picked up the remnants of shredded women workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon: "I remember that after we searched carefully to death we collected fragments". A few days later, he was placed in Fossalta on Piave.
On July 8, he was badly wounded by mortar fire, just back from the canteen bringing chocolates and cigarettes to the front-line people. Despite his injuries, Hemingway helped the Italian army to safety, where he received a silver silver medal of courage. Still only 18, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a big illusion of immortality.Another person is killed, not you... Then when you are badly injured the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happened to you. "He suffered severe injuries on both legs, underwent surgery at the distribution center, and spent five days in the field hospital before he was transferred for recovery to the Red Cross hospital in Milan. He spent six months in the hospital, where he met and formed a strong friendship with the decades-long "Chink" Dorman-Smith and shared rooms with American foreign service officers, ambassadors and writers Henry Serrano Villard.
While recuperating, he fell in love, for the first time, with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years older than him. At the time of his release and returning to the United States in January 1919, Agnes and Hemingway decided to marry in a few months in America. However, in March, he wrote that he was engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers states in his book Hemingway: A Biography that Hemingway was destroyed by Agnes's refusal, and in future relationships, he followed the pattern of leaving a wife before he left her.
Toronto and Chicago
Hemingway returned home in early 1919 to a time of re-adjustment. Not yet 20 years old, he has gained from a war of maturity as opposed to living at home without a job and with the need for healing. As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway can not really tell his parents what he thinks when he sees his bloody knee He can not tell how scared he is in another country with a surgeon who can not say it in English if his legs regardless or not. "In September, he traveled fishing and camped with high school friends to the back country in Upper Peninsula Michigan. This trip is an inspiration for his short story "Big Two-Hearted River", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams brings to the country to find solitude after returning from war. A family friend offered him a job in Toronto, and with nothing to do, he accepted it. Later that year he started as a freelancer writer and staff for Toronto Star Weekly. He returned to Michigan the following June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to stay with friends, while still filing the story for the Toronto Star.
In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of the Cooperative Commonwealth monthly journal, where he met the novelist Sherwood Anderson. When the original St. Louis Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit the sister of Hemingway's roommate, Hemingway became infatuated and then claimed, "I know she is the girl I will marry". Hadley, a redhead, with a "nurturing instinct", eight years older than Hemingway. Though older than Hemingway, Hadley, who grew up with an overly protective mother, looked less mature than usual for a young woman her age. Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women, claimed Hadley "inspires" Agnes, but Hadley has a childish that Agnes has. The two relate for several months and then decide to get married and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, writing a cover letter for a young couple. They married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway was employed as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, and the couple went to Paris. From Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he expected with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, life in Europe."
Paris
Carlos Baker, Hemingway's first biographer, believes that while Anderson suggests Paris because "monetary exchange rates" make it a cheaper place to live, more importantly where the "most interesting people in the world" live. In Paris, Hemingway meets American art writer and collector Gertrude Stein, Irish novelist James Joyce, American poet Ezra Pound (who "can help a young writer climb the career ladder") and other writers.
Hemingway in the early years of Paris was a tall, handsome, muscular young man with big mustache, brown eyed, red-legged, square-faced, soft-spoken. He and Hadley lived in a small street on 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter, and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building. Stein, who was the bulwark of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son, Jack; he introduced it to expatriate artists and writers from the Montparnasse Quarter, whom he called the "Lost Generation" - the term Hemingway popularized by The Sun Also Rises publication. A regular at Stein's salon, Hemingway met influential painters like Pablo Picasso, Joan MirÃÆ'³, and Juan Gris. He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence and their relationship deteriorated into a literary struggle that spanned decades. Ezra Pound met Hemingway by chance at the Sylvia Beach Shakespeare and Company bookstore in 1922. Both toured Italy in 1923 and stayed on the same road in 1924. They made strong friendships, and at Hemingway, Pound acknowledged and cultivated young talent. The pound introduced Hemingway to James Joyce, with whom Hemingway often did "alcohol sprees".
During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces like "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain's Has the Best, Then Germany". Hemingway was devastated to learn that Hadley had lost a suitcase full of manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon when he traveled to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. The following September, the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published. Two of the stories it contains are all that remains after losing a suitcase, and the third has been written earlier in the year in Italy. In a matter of months, the second volume, in our day (without capital), was published. Small volumes including six sketches and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the sensation of corrida . She missed Paris, thought Toronto was boring, and wanted to go back to a writer's life, rather than live a journalist's life.
Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (dubbed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the street Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit The Transatlantic Review, published by Pound, John Dos Passos, Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's early stories like "Indian Kamp". When In Our Time was published in 1925, the dust jacket carried comments from Ford. "Kamp India" received much praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reviving the short story genre with crisp style and the use of declarative sentences. Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the couple formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided the next work should be a novel.
With his wife Hadley, Hemingway first visited the San FermÃÆ'n Festival in Pamplona, ​​Spain, in 1923, where he became fascinated by bullfights. It was at this point that he began to be called "Papa." The Hemingways returned to Pamplona in 1924 and the third time in June 1925; That year they brought in a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's childhood friends in Michigan, Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced), his girlfriend Pat Guthrie and Harold Loeb. A few days after the party ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write what would become The Sun Also Rises, ending eight weeks later. A few months later, in December 1925, Hemingways went to spend the winter at Schruns, Austria, where Hemingway began to revise the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January and opposed Hadley's suggestion, urging Hemingway to sign a contract with Scribner's. He left Austria for a short trip to New York to meet with the publisher, and upon his return, during a stop in Paris, started an affair with Pfeiffer, before returning to Schruns to complete a revision in March. The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the last evidence in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner published the novel in October.
The Sun Also Rises symbolizes the postwar generation of expatriates, received good reviews, and was "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "book point" was not so much about a lost generation, but "the earth remains forever"; he believes characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but not lost.
Hemingway's marriage to Hadley worsened as he worked on The Sun Also Rises. In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them in July. Upon their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a farewell; in November he formally asked for a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer from the The Sun Also Rises . The couple divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.
Pfeiffer, from a rich Arkansas Catholic family, has moved to Paris to work in Vogue magazine. Before their marriage, Hemingway turned to Catholicism. They honeymooned at Le Grau-du-Roi, where he contracted Anthrax, and he planned his next collection of short stories, Men Without Women, published in October 1927, and incorporated the story of "Fifty the Great" fist. Cosmopolitan editor-in-chief of Ray Long magazine praised the "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came into my hands... the best prize battle story I've ever read... a piece of realism outstanding. "
At the end of the year, Pauline, who is pregnant, wants to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered severe injuries in their bathroom in Paris when he pulled the sky on his head while thinking he pulled the toilet chain. It leaves her with a prominent forehead scar, which she carries for the rest of her life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he reluctantly replied. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city".
Key West and Caribbean
Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult labor, the fictional Hemingway in A Farewell to Arms. After the birth of Patrick, Pauline and Hemingway went to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. In winter, he was in New York with Bumby, going on a train to Florida, when he received a cable telling him that his father had committed suicide. Hemingway was destroyed, having previously written to his father to keep him from worrying about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley felt after his own father's death in 1903, and he commented, "I might go the same way."
Upon returning to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. He completed it in August but postponed the revision. The serialization in Scribner's Magazine is scheduled to start in May, but until April, Hemingway is still working on the final part, which may have been rewritten seventeen times. The novel which was published on September 27th. Biographer James Mellow believes that A Farewell to Arms sets Hemingway's status as a great American writer and shows an unclear level of complexity in The Sun Also Rises. In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched the next work, Death in the Afternoon . He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting, explaining the tienos and corridors complete with glossaries and attachments, as he believed bullfights were "very interesting, being truly alive and death. "
During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winter in Key West and the summer in Wyoming, where he discovered "the most beautiful country he had ever seen in the West" and hunted deer, deer, and grizzly bears. He was joined there by Dos Passos and in November 1930, after bringing Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. The surgeon treats the spiral fracture and binds the bone with a kangaroo tendon. Hemingway was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline taking care of him; the nerves in his writing hand took one year to heal, during which time he suffered tremendous pain.
Her third child, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City. Uncle Pauline bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage, a second floor converted into a writing studio. Its location across the street from the lighthouse made it easy for Hemingway to discover after a long night of drinking. While in Key West, Hemingway often visits Sloppy Joe's local bar. He invites friends - including Waldo Peirce, Dos Passos, and Max Perkins - to join him on a fishing trip and all men's expeditions to the Dry Tortugas. Meanwhile, he traveled to Europe and to Cuba, and - though in 1933 he wrote about Key West, "We have a nice home here, and the children are all fine" - Mellow believes he " really anxious ".
In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10 week trip provides material for Green Hills of Africa, as well as for short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya; then moved to Tanganyika Territory, where they hunt in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara, and west and southeast of Tarangire National Park today. Their guide is Philip Percival's "white hunter" who has guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. During this trip, Hemingway developed amoebic dysentery that caused prolapsed bowel, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience that was reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". When Hemingway returned to Key West in early 1934, he began working at the Green Hills of Africa, which he published in 1935 to be a diverse review.
Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it Pillars , and started sailing to the Caribbean. In 1935, he first arrived at Bimini, where he spent a lot of time. During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not , published in 1937 when he was in Spain, the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.
Spanish Civil War
In 1937, Hemingway agreed to report the Spanish Civil War for the North American Alliance of Nations (NANA), arriving in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens. Ivens is filming The Spanish Earth , a propaganda film that supports Republicans. He wanted Hemingway to replace John Dos Passos as a screenwriter, since Dos Passos left the project when his friend JosÃÆ' Â © Robles was arrested and later executed. The incident changed Dos Passos's initial opinion to the left republicans, creating a rift between him and Hemingway, who later spread rumors that Dos Passos left Spain out of cowardice.
Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn, whom Hemingway had met in Key West on Christmas before (1936), joined him in Spain. Like Hadley, Martha was a native of St. Louis, and like Pauline, he worked for Vogue in Paris. About Martha, Kert explained, "he never served her like any other woman did." At the end of 1937, while in Madrid with Martha, Hemingway wrote the only game, Fifth Column , when the city was bombarded by Francoist troops. He returned to Key West for several months, then returned to Spain twice in 1938, where he was present at the Battle of Ebro, standing the last republic, and he was among the British and American journalists who were the last to leave the battle as they crossed the river.
Cuban
In early 1939, Hemingway crossed into Cuba with his ship to stay at the Ambos Mundos Hotel in Havana. This is a slow and painful parting phase separation from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they immediately rented "Finca Vigia" ("Lookout Farm"), a 15-mile (24-km) 15-acre (15-mile)) property of Havana. Pauline and the children left Hemingway that summer, after the family was reunited during a visit to Wyoming, and when Pauline's Hemingway divorce was settled, he and Martha married on November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
As happened after his divorce from Hadley, he changed locations, transferred his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built Sun Valley resort, and his winter residence to Cuba. Hemingway, disgusted when a Parisian friend let his cat eat from the table, became a twisted cat in Cuba, holding dozens of cats on the property.
Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he began in March 1939 and completed in July 1940. It was published in October 1940. Consistent with his pattern of movement while working on a script , he wrote Who's Who Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. Who For The Bell Tolls became the Choice of Book-of-the-Moon Club, sold half a million copies in a few months, was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, and as Meyers described, "triumphantly re-established literary Reputation Hemingway ".
In January 1941, Martha was sent to China for an assignment for Collier's magazine. Hemingway went with him, sent out a newspaper post, but in general he did not like China. A 2009 book indicates during that period he may have been recruited to work for Soviet intelligence agents under the name "Agent Argo". They returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States in December, when he convinced the Cuban government to help him repair the Pillar, which he intended to ambush the German submarine off the coast of Cuba..
World War II
From May 1944 to March 1945, Hemingway was in London and Europe. When Hemingway first arrived in London, he met the correspondent of Mary Welsh magazine, with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced across the Atlantic on a ship loaded with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her obtain a press permit on the plane, and she arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized due to a concussion from a car accident. Unsympathetic to his circumstances, he accuses him of being a bully and tells him that he's "through, completely finished". The last time Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 when he was preparing to return to Cuba, and their divorce was completed by the end of the same year. Meanwhile, she has asked Mary Welsh to marry him at their third meeting.
Hemingway was present at Normandy Landings wearing a large bandage, but, according to Meyers, he was considered "valuable" and was not allowed ashore. The landing craft was seen in front of Omaha Beach before being attacked by the enemy and reversed. Hemingway then wrote on Collier's that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lying where they fell, looking like so many loaded bonds on a flat pebble. stretches between the sea and the first cover ". Mellow explained that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to Dorothea Dix.
At the end of July, he binds himself to "The 22nd Infantry Regiment led by Colonel Charles 'Buck' Lanham, when the car was headed for Paris", and Hemingway became the de facto leader for a small group of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. About Hemingway's exploits, historian Paul Fussell, and literary critic of two world wars, commented: "Hemingway had great difficulty in playing infantry captains to a group of Resistance he collected because a correspondent was not supposed to lead an army, even if he did well." This is in fact contrary to the Geneva Conventions, and Hemingway was brought up on official charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he was only offering suggestions.
On 25 August, he was present at the liberation of Paris though, contrary to Hemingway's legend, he was not the first to town, nor did he free the Ritz. In Paris, he visited Sylvia Beach and Pablo Picasso with Mary Welsh, who joined him there; in the spirit of happiness, he forgave Gertrude Stein. Later that year, he was present at a heavy battle in the Battle of HÃÆ'¼rtgen Forest. On December 17, 1944, a feverish and ill Hemingway forced himself into Luxemburg to cover what was then called the Battle of the Bulge. As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham handed it over to the doctors, who were hospitalized with pneumonia; by the time he recovers a week later, most of the fighting in this battle is over.
In 1947, Hemingway was awarded the Bronze Star for his courage during World War II. He is recognized for his bravery, has been "under fire in the battle area to get an accurate picture of the conditions", with the praise that "through his talent of expression, Hemingway allows readers to get a clear picture of the hardships and victories of front-line soldiers and their organizations in battle".
Cuba and Nobel Prize
Hemingway said he was "out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945 during his stay in Cuba. In 1946 he married Mary, who underwent an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family experienced a series of accidents and health problems in the years after the war: in a 1945 car accident, he "smashed his knees" and suffered another "wound on his forehead"; Mary broke her right ankle first and then left her in a ski accident in a row. A car accident in 1947 caused Patrick to suffer a head injury and severe pain. Hemingway was drowned in depression when his literary friends began to die: in 1939 William Butler Yeats and Ford Madox Ford; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, editor and longtime friend of Scribner, Hemingway. During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes - many of which were the result of previous accidents and years of heavy drinking. However, in January 1946, he began working in the Garden of Eden, completing 800 pages in June. During the post-war years, he also began working on the temporary trilogy entitled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to incorporate in a novel entitled The Sea Book. However, both projects stalled, and Mellow said that Hemingway's inability to continue is a "symptom of his problem" during these years.
In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with Adriana Ivancich, who was then 19 years old. The platonic love story inspired the novel Across the River and into the Trees, written in Cuba during the period of disputes with Mary, and published in 1950 for negative reviews. The following year, angry at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write all my life ". The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month option, making Hemingway an international celebrity, and winning the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.
In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway almost suffered a fatal injury in two consecutive plane crashes. He chartered an outing flight to the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present for Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane hit an abandoned power pole and "crash landed on a heavy brush". Hemingway's injuries included head wounds, while Mary broke two ribs. The next day, trying to reach medical care in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane that exploded on take-off, with Hemingway suffering from burns and other concussions, this one serious enough to cause a leak of cerebral fluid. They finally arrived in Entebbe to find a journalist covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed journalists and spent the next few weeks recovering and reading the news of his mistaken death. Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a fishing expedition planned in February, but the pain caused him to become irritated and difficult to get along with. When a bushfire broke out, he was again wounded, suffering second-degree burns on his legs, front body, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice, Mary reported to her friends about Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs, kidneys and heart ruptures, dislocated shoulders and broken skulls. Accidents may have accelerated the physical damage that will occur. After the plane crashed, Hemingway, who had "become a controlled alcoholic all his life, drank more than usual to fight the pain of his wounds."
In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He simply told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow claims Hemingway "has craved the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, a few months after the plane crash and press coverage around the world, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his death notices have played a part in the academy's decision." sick from accidents in Africa, he decided not to travel to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to read, defining the author's life:
Writing, at best, is a quiet life. The organization for authors eases the authors' solitude but I doubt if they improve their writing. He grew up in public stature as he threw away his loneliness and often his work worsened. Because he does his own work and if he is a good writer, he must face eternity, or lack thereof, every day.
From the end of the year from 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway lay in bed. She was told to stop drinking to reduce liver damage, the advice she initially followed but was later ignored. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and met the writer Basque Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died a few weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway became ill again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".
In November 1956, while living in Paris, he was reminded of the stems he kept at the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never taken. After reclaiming and opening the suitcase, Hemingway discovered that they were filled with notebooks and writings from the years of Paris. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began to form a restored work into his life history of A Moveable Feast. In 1959 he ended the period of intense activity: he completed A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); bring True at First Light to 200,000 words; add chapter to The Garden of Eden ; and work on The Island in the Stream . The last three are stored in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focuses on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast . Author Michael Reynolds states that during this period Hemingway fell into depression, from which he could not recover.
The Finca Vigia becomes crowded with guests and tourists, like Hemingway, starting to become unhappy with life there, regarded as a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a house overlooking the Big Wood River, outside Ketchum, and left Cuba - though he apparently remained with an easy relationship with the Castro government, told The New York Times he was happy "with Castro overthrowing Batista. He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his 60th birthday; However, that year she and Mary decided to leave after hearing news that Castro wanted to nationalize properties owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. On July 25, 1960, Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank safe in Havana. After the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, Finca Vigia was seized by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's "four to six thousand books" collection.
Idaho and suicide
Toward the end of the 1950s, Hemingway resumed the rework of the material to be published as A Moveable Feast. In mid-1959, he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life magazine. Life only wants 10,000 words, but the script is out of control. For the first time in his life unable to organize his writing, he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped her trim Life into 40,000 words, and Scribner agreed with a nearly 130,000-word version of the Dangerous Summer (full-length) book. Hotchner thinks Hemingway is "very hesitant, disorganized, and confused," and suffers greatly from his failing vision.
On July 25, 1960, Hemingway and Mary left Cuba, never to return. During the summer of 1960, he set up a small office in his apartment in New York City and tried to work. He left New York City for good. He then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the front cover for the Life magazine section. A few days later, she was reported on the news for a seriously ill and almost dying, which made Mary panic until she received a cable from him telling her, "Report wrong Enroute Madrid Love Papa." However, he is very ill and believes he is on the brink of distraction. She was lonely and slept in her bed for days, retreating into silence, despite having the first installment of Dangerous Summer published in Life in September 1960 for a review good. In October, he left Spain for New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment on the pretext that he was being watched. He immediately took him to Idaho, where George Saviers (a Sun Valley doctor) met them on the train.
By this time, Hemingway was constantly worried about his money and safety. He worried about his taxes and that he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscript he had left there in the bank safe. He became paranoid, thinking the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. The FBI had, in fact, opened files to himself during World War II, when he used Pilar to patrol the waters of Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had agents in Havana watching Hemingway during the 1950s. In late November, Mary wits' end, and Saviers suggest Hemingway went to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, and Hemingway may have believed he would be treated there because of hypertension. FBI knew Hemingway was at the Mayo Clinic, as an agent who then documented in a letter written in January 1961. In an effort to maintain anonymity, Hemingway checked at the Mayo Clinic under the name Saviers. Meyers writes that "the aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway treatment at Mayo" but insists he is treated with electroconvulsive therapy 15 times in December 1960 and "released in ruins" in January 1961. Hemingway Reynolds can access records in Mayo, which showed that the combination of drugs given to Hemingway may have created a depressive state in which he was treated.
Three months after Hemingway was released from the Mayo Clinic, when he returned to Ketchum in April 1961, Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun" in the kitchen one morning. He telephoned Saviers, who drugged him and put him in the Sun Valley Hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electric shock treatment. She was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on 30 June. Two days later, in the early hours of the morning of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "deliberately" shot himself with his favorite rifle. He had opened an underground storage cellar where his weapons were kept, going upstairs to the front entrance of their Ketchum house, and according to Mellow, shot himself with a "double-barreled barrel he used often, maybe it was a friend."
Mary telephoned Sun Valley Hospital, and a doctor immediately arrived at the house that determined Hemingway "had died of a head injury". Mary was sedated and taken to the hospital, going home the next day where she cleaned the house, and saw funeral arrangements and travel arrangements. Bernice Kert writes that at the time "it seems he was not aware when he told the press, Ernest's death was 'unintentional'." In a press interview five years later, Mary Hemingway confirmed that her husband had shot herself.
Family and friends fly to Ketchum to attend a funeral, led by a local Catholic priest, who believes Hemingway's death was unintentional. From the cemetery (when an altar boy fainted at the head of the coffin), Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote, "For me, Ernest will approve of it." He is buried in the Ketchum cemetery.
Hemingway's behavior during his last years was similar to his father's behavior before he committed suicide; his father may have hemochromatosis of genetic disease, because the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical damage. The medical records available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway had been diagnosed with hemochromatosis in early 1961. His brother Ursula and his brother, Leicester, also committed suicide. In addition to being affected by his physical illness, Hemingway's health was compromised by him who has been a heavy drinker for much of his life.
In 1966, a memorial to Ernest Hemingway was placed north of the Sun Valley, above the Trail Creek. Basically written a speech written by Hemingway to a friend several decades earlier:
- The best of all he loves fall
- yellow leaves on a cotton tree
- floating leaves on the trout
- and above the hill
- sky without high blue wind
... Now he will be part of them forever.
Maps Ernest Hemingway
Writing style
The New York Times wrote in 1926 from Hemingway's first novel, "There is no amount of analysis that can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises." This is a story that really gripes, which is narrated in slender, hard, and athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame. " The Sun Also Rises is written in a straightforward and rigorous prose that makes Hemingway famous, and, according to James Nagel , "changing the nature of American writing." In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "the mastery of the narrative art, which was recently shown in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he had. contemporary. "
Henry Louis Gates believes that Hemingway's style was essentially shaped "in reaction to his [world] war experience". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting to the intricate style of 19th-century writers and by creating a style "where meaning is formed through dialogue, through action, and silence. which is not important - or at least very little - is expressed explicitly. "
Because he started as a short story writer, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most out of the least, how to cut the language, how to multiply the intensity and how to say anything but the truth in a way that allows to tell more than the truth." Hemingway calls his style with The Iceberg Theory: facts floating on water; support structures and symbolism operate invisibly. The concept of iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as "the theory of neglect". Hemingway believes the writer can describe one thing (like Nick Adams fishing in "The Big Two-Hearted River") though completely different things happen beneath the surface (Nick Adams concentrates on fishing as far as he should not think of anything else). Paul Smith writes that Hemingway's first story, collected as In Our Time , shows he's still experimenting with his writing style. He avoids complicated syntax. About 70 percent of sentences are simple phrases - syntax like a child without subordination.
Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical detail as a framing device about life in general - not just about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experience and pulled them out with a "what if" scenario: "what if I was injured in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I was injured and made crazy, what would happen? I am sent back to the front? "Writing in" The Art of the Short Story ", Hemingway explains:" Some of the things I find are true.If you leave important things or events you know, the story is reinforced.If you leave or miss something because you do not know it, the story will be in vain.The test of any story is how good things you are, not your editor, get rid of. "
The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway composed a skeletal sentence in response to Henry James's observation that World War I had "used words". Hemingway offers the reality of "multi-focus" photography. The iceberg theory of the iceberg is the foundation he built. Syntax, which has no subordinate conjunctions, produces static sentences. The "snapshot" style of photography creates a collage of images. Many internal punctuation types (colons, semicolons, hyphens, parentheses) are omitted in short declarative sentences. Sentences are built on top of each other, because of constructive events to create a sense of the whole. A few strands are in one story; bridge "embedded text" to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques to "cut" quickly from one scene to the next; or "connect" the scene to another scene. Deliberate negligence allows the reader to fill in the gap, as if responding to the author's instructions, and creating three-dimensional prose.
Hemingway used to use the word "and" instead of a coma. The use of this polysyndeton can serve to convey closeness. The polysyndetonic sentence Hemingway - or in later work using subordinate clauses - uses conjunctions to align surprising visions and images. Benson compares it to haikus. Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his leadership and winced at all the expressions of emotion; Saul Bellow quipped this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them." However, Hemingway's desire was not to dispel the emotions, but to describe them more scientifically. Hemingway thought it would be easy, and useless, to describe emotion; he sculptures the collage of images to understand "the real thing, the sequence of motion and the facts that make emotions and that will prevail in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you declare it pure enough, always". The use of images as a correlative purpose is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust. Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's' Remembrance of Things Past several times over the years, and indicate he reads the book at least twice.
Themes
The popularity of Hemingway's work depends on themes of love, war, wilderness and loss, all of which are very clear in the body of work. This is a recurring theme in American literature, and quite clear in Hemingway's work. Critics Leslie Fiedler saw the theme he defined as "The Sacred Land" - West America - expanded in Hemingway's work to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and into the Michigan stream. The American West is assumed symbolic by the naming of "Hotel Montana" in The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls. According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, in Hemingway's work, nature is the place of rebirth and rest; and that's where hunters or fishermen may experience a moment of transcendence when they kill their prey. Nature is where man exists without women: human fish; people hunting; men find redemption in nature. Although Hemingway does write about sports, such as fishing, Carlos Baker notes his emphasis more on athletes than on sports. In essence, much of Hemingway's work can be seen from the standpoint of American naturalism, evident in detailed descriptions such as those in the "Big Two-Hearted River".
Fiedler believes Hemingway reverses the American literary theme of the evil "Dark Woman" versus the "Good Woman of Light". The dark woman - Brett Ashley from The Sun Also Rises - is a goddess; the lighter woman - Margot Macomber from "The Short Life Happy Francis Macomber" - is a murderer. Robert Scholes admits that early Hemingway stories, such as "A Very Short Story", present "male characters in positive and unpleasant women". According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics praised the male-centric world of masculine pursuit, and fiction divides women into "castors or love slaves". Feminist critics attack Hemingway as the "number one public enemy," although the recent re-evaluation of his work "has given new visibility to the Hemingway female character (and their strength) and has expressed his own sensitivity to gender issues, raising doubts on old assumptions that his writings are one-sided masculine. "Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber" are two extraordinary examples of Hemingway prostitutes. ' "
The theme of women and death is evident in the story as early as "Kamp India". The theme of death pervades Hemingway's work. Young believes that the emphasis in "Indian Camp" is not so much in women who give birth or fathers who kill themselves, but to Nick Adams who witnessed this incident as a child, and became "a wounded and nervous wounded boy". Hemingway organized the event at the "Indian Camp" that formed the Adams persona. Young believes "Camp of India" holds the "ultimate key" to "what the author did during his approximately thirty-five year writing career". Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with the representation of the truth inherent in existentialism: if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is accomplished at death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber died happily because the last hours of his life were authentic; the matador in corrida represents the peak of living life with authenticity. In his paper The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and Literary Field Timo MÃÆ'¼ller writes that Hemingway's fiction succeeds because his character undergoes "authentic life", and "soldiers, fishermen, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in literature modern ".
The emasculation theme is prevalent in Hemingway's work, especially in The Sun Also Rises. Emulation, according to Fiedler, is the result of generations of wounded soldiers; and the generation in which women like Brett gain emancipation. This also applies to minor characters, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend at the beginning of this book. His character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented at the beginning of the novel but also the impact he had on Cohn at the beginning of the book while only appearing several times. Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes "natural" versus "unnatural". In "Alpine Idyll" the "unnatural" of skiing in the high country of late spring snow juxtaposed with the "irregularities" of farmers who let the corpse of his wife to linger in the warehouse during the winter. Skiers and peasants retreated to the valley toward a "natural" spring for redemption.
Susan Beegel has written that some of the more recent critics - writing through the lens of more modern social and cultural contexts decades after Hemingway's death, and more than half a century after his novel was first published - have marked the social era depicted in its fiction as misoginis and homophobic. In his 1996 essay, "Critical Acceptance," Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism and found that "critics interested in multiculturalism", especially in the 1980s, ignored Hemingway, although some "apologetics" had been written. Typical, according to Beegel, is an analysis of Hemingway's 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises, in which a critic argues: "Hemingway never let the reader forget that Cohn was a Jew, not an unflattering character. happened to be a Jew but an unflattering character because he is a Jew. "Also during the 1980s, according to Beegel, published criticisms that focused on the investigation of" horror homosexuality "and" racism "characteristic of the social era depicted in Hemingway's fiction. In his overall assessment of Hemingway's work, Beegel writes: "Throughout his great fictional body, he tells the truth about human fear, guilt, betrayal, violence, cruelty, drunkenness, hunger, greed, apathy, ecstasy, tenderness, love, and lust.. "
Influence and inheritance
Hemingway's heritage of American literature is his style: the writers who came after him imitated or avoided it. After his reputation was established with the publication of The Sun Also Rises, he became a spokesperson for the post-World War I generation, having established a style to follow. His books were burned in Berlin in 1933, "as a monument of modern decadence", and rejected by his parents as "dirt". Reynolds insists his legacy is that "[Hemingway] left stories and novels so touching that some have become part of our cultural heritage."
Benson believes that the details of Hemingway's life have become "the main vehicle for exploitation", which resulted in the Hemingway industry. The Hemingway intellectual, Hallengren believed that the "hard-boiled style" and virility had to be separated from the author himself. Benson agrees, describing him as introvert and personal as J. D. Salinger, though Hemingway masks his nature with braggadocio. During World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he recognized as influences. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talk "had given him the only hopeful minutes of the whole war" and joked "naming himself the national club chairman Fan Hemingway."
The degree of Hemingway's influence is seen in tributes and echoes of his fiction in popular culture. A small planet, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named for him (3656 Hemingway); Ray Bradbury wrote The Kilimanjaro Device , with Hemingway moved to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro; the 1993 film Wrestling Ernest Hemingway, about the friendship of two retired men, Irish and Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starring Robert Duvall, Richard Harris, Shirley MacLaine, Sandra Bullock and Piper Laurie. This influence is evident with many restaurants named "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of a bar called "Harry" (nodding to the bar at Across the River and Into the Trees ). A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by the son of Hemingway Jack (Bumby), has pieces such as a "Kilimanjaro" side table, and a "Catherine" layered sofa. Montblanc offers Hemingway's pen, and a series of Hemingway safari suits have been made. The Imitation Hemingway International Competition was created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge its influence and undeserved misdemeanor attempts to mimic his style. Participants were encouraged to submit a "really good page from Hemingway that was really bad" and the winner was flown to Italy to Harry's Bar.
In 1965, Mary Hemingway founded the Hemingway Foundation and in 1970 she donated her husband's paper to the John F. Kennedy Library. In 1980, a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, then formed the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarships."
Nearly 35 years after the death of Hemingway, on July 1, 1996, his grandson Margaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux is a supermodel and actress, starring in her sister Mariel in the 1976 film Lipstick . His death then decided to commit suicide, making him the "fifth person in four generations of his family to commit suicide."
Three Hemingway-related houses are listed on the US National Historic List: Ernest Hemingway Cottage in Walloon Lake, Michigan, which was commissioned in 1968; Ernest Hemingway House in Key West, designated in 1968; and Ernest and Mary Hemingway House in Ketchum, designated in 2015. Her childhood home, in Oak Park, Illinois, is a museum and archive dedicated to Hemingway. In 2012, he was appointed Chicago Hall of Fame Literature.
Selected jobs list
- "Indian Camp" (1924)
- The Sun Is Rising (1926)
- A Farewell to Arms (1929)
- For Who Bell Tolls (1940)
- The Old Man and the Sea (1951)
Family tree
A family tree showing Ernest Hemingway's parents, siblings, children, and grandchildren
Note
References
Note
Bibliography
External links
- Works by Ernest Hemingway in the Open Library
- Works by or about Ernest Hemingway in the Internet Archive
- Bibliowiki has the original media or text associated with this article: Ernest Hemingway (in the public domain in Canada)
- Works by Ernest Hemingway in Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by Ernest Hemingway on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
- Hemingway Archive: John F. Kennedy Library
- Collection of Ernest Hemingway at the University of Texas at Austin
- Ernest Hemingway In Time at the University of Delaware Library.
- The Hemingway Community
- Ernest Hemingway's Journalism at The Archive of American Journalism
- "The Art of Fiction No. 21. The Paris Review . Spring 1958.
- FBI Notes: The Vault, Subject: Ernest Hemingway
- Hemingway's legal file collection, 1899-1971 Manuscript and Archives, New York Public Library.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments