Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, and meat from other animals), and may also include abstention from animal slaughtering products.
Vegetarianism can be adopted for various reasons. Many people object to eating meat because of respect for life. Such ethical motivation has been codified under various religious beliefs, as well as animal rights advocacy. Other motivations for vegetarianism are those related to health, politics, environment, culture, aesthetics, economics, or personal preferences. There are dietary variations as well: ovo-lacto vegetarian diets include eggs and dairy products, ovo-vegetarian diets including eggs but not dairy products, and lacto-vegetarian diet including dairy products but not eggs. The vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy products. Some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax, leather or silk clothes, and goose-goose polish.
Packaged and processed foods, such as cookies, biscuits, candies, chocolates, yogurt, and marshmallows, often contain unknown animal ingredients, so they can be of particular concern to vegetarians because of the possibility of such additions. Often, before buying or consumption, vegetarians will research products for ingredients that come from animals. Vegetarian feelings vary with respect to these ingredients. For example, while some vegetarians may not be aware of the animal-derived rennet role in cheese production, and therefore may unknowingly consume these products, other vegetarians may not be concerned about their consumption.
The semi-vegetarian diet consists mainly of vegetarian food but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meat, rarely. Those on a diet containing fish or poultry can define meat only as mammalian meat and can identify with vegetarianism. The pescetarian diet has been described as "fish but no other meat". The commonly used association between such diets and vegetarians has led vegetarian groups such as the Vegetarian Society to argue that diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian, as fish and birds are also animals.
Video Vegetarianism
Etymology
The term "vegetarian" has been used since 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a "plant-based diet". This word is commonly believed to be a vegetable compound and a -arian suffix (as in agrarian ). According to John Davis, "vegetarian" may not be directly derived from the Latin vegetus . The term was popularized by the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester in 1847, although it may have appeared in print before 1847. The earliest incident of the term seems to relate to Alcott House - a school on the north side of Ham Common, London - which opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. From 1841, it was known as A Concordium, or Industry Harmony College , from that time the institution began publishing its own pamphlet entitled The Healthian , which provided some of the earliest. appearance of the term "vegetarian".
Maps Vegetarianism
History
The earliest record of vegetarianism originated from the Indus Valley Civilization as early as the 7th century BC, instilling tolerance for all living things. Vegetarianism is also practiced in ancient Greece and the earliest reliable evidence for the theory and practice of vegetarianism in Greece dates from the 6th century BC. Orphics, a religious movement that spread in Greece at that time, also practiced and promoted vegetarianism. It is unclear whether the Greek religious teacher Pythagoras really advocated vegetarianism, but the authors then presented him to do just that. Pythagoras's fictional depiction appears in Book XV of Ovid's Metamorphoses , in which he supports a strict vegetarianism form. Through this description that Pythagoras was best known by English speakers during the early modern period and, before the word "vegetarianism", vegetarians were referred to in English as "Pythagoras".
Vegetarism is also practiced about six centuries later in another example (30 BC - 50 AD) in the northern region of Thracia by the Moesi tribe (populated by Serbia and Bulgaria now), feeding on honey, milk and cheese.
In Indian culture, vegetarianism has been closely linked to the nonviolent attitude towards animals (called ahimsa in India) for thousands of years and promoted by religious groups and philosophers. The ancient Indian work of Tirukkural explicitly and emphatically asserted that avoiding meat and not killing. Chapter 26 of Tirukkural, especially verses 251-260, deals exclusively with vegetarianism or veganism. Among Hellenes, Egypt, and others, vegetarians have a goal of medical purification or ritual.
After the Christianization of the Roman Empire in the last days, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe, as happened elsewhere, except in India. Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or forbade the consumption of meat for the ascetic reason, but none of them avoided the fish. In addition, the medieval definition of "fish" includes animals such as seals, dolphins, dolphins, barnacles, puffins, and beavers. Vegetarianism reappeared during the Renaissance, becoming wider in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first Vegetarian Society was founded in England; Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries follow. In 1886, the Nueva Germania vegetarian colony was established in Paraguay, although its vegetarian aspects did not last long. The International Vegetarian Union, a national community association, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the 20th century as a result of recent nutritional, ethical, and environmental problems.
Variety
There are a number of vegetarian diets that exclude or include various foods:
- Buddhist Vegetarianism. Different Buddhist traditions have different teachings about diet, which can also vary for the ordained monks and nuns compared to others. Many interpret the "no-kill" rule to require abstinence from meat, but not all. In Taiwan, vegetarianism excludes not only all animal products but also vegetables in the allium family (which has the distinctive aroma of onions and garlic): onion, garlic, spring onion, spring onion, spring onion, or red onion.
- Fruitarianism and vegetarianism Jain only allows fruits, nuts, seeds, and other plant matter that can be collected without damaging the plants. Jain's vegetism also includes milk, but does not include eggs, honey, and root vegetables.
- Most dietary macrobiotics consist of whole grains and nuts.
- Lacto vegetarianism includes dairy products but not eggs.
- Ovo vegetarianism includes eggs but not dairy products.
- Ovo-lacto vegetism (or lacto-ovo vegetarianism) includes animal products such as eggs, milk, and honey.
- The sattvic diet (also known as the yoga diet), a plant-based diet that also includes milk and honey, but does not include eggs, red lentils, durian, mushrooms, allium, blue cheese, fermented or sauces, and alcoholic beverages. Coffee, black or green tea, chocolate, nutmeg, and other types of stimulants (including overly spicy spices) are sometimes excluded.
- Veganism does not include all animal flesh and by-products, such as milk, honey (not always), and eggs, as well as goods mashed or produced through such products, such as animal-tested cauliflower or white sugar enhanced by bone char.
- raw veganism only includes fruits, nuts, seeds, and fresh and uncooked vegetables. Food should not be heated above 118Ã, Â ° F (48Ã, Â ° C) to be considered "raw". Usually, raw vegan food is only "cooked" with dehydrator food at low temperatures.
In the "ovo-" group, there are many who refuse to consume a fertilized egg (with the balut being an extreme example); However, such differences are usually not specifically addressed.
Some vegetarians also avoid products that may use animal ingredients that are not included in their labels or that use animal products in their factories. For example, sugar is bleached with bone char, cheese that uses animal rennet (enzyme from the animal's lining), gelatin (derived from collagen in animal skin, bone, and connective tissue), some cane sugar (but not sugar beet) and beverages (such as apple juice and alcohol) are clarified with gelatin or crushed shell and sturgeon, while other vegetarians are unaware, or do not mind, the ingredients.
Individuals sometimes label themselves "vegetarian" while practicing a semi-vegetarian diet, because some dictionary definitions describe vegetarianism as sometimes including fish consumption, or simply incorporate mammalian meat as part of their definition of meat, while other definitions exclude fish and all meat animals. In other cases, individuals can describe themselves as "flexible". This diet can be followed by those who reduce the meat of animals consumed as a means of transition to a complete vegetarian diet or for health, ethical, environmental, or other reasons. The semi-vegetarian diet includes:
- A macrobiotic diet consisting mostly of grains and nuts, but can sometimes include fish.
- Pescetarianism, which includes fish and possibly other forms of seafood.
- Pollo-pescetarianism, which includes poultry and fish, or "white meat" alone.
- Pollotarianism, which includes chickens and possibly other poultry.
Semi-vegetarians are contested by vegetarian groups, such as the Vegetarian Society, which claim that vegetarianism excludes all animal flesh.
Health effects
The study of the health effects of the vegetarian diet looked at the heterogeneous effects on mortality. One review found a decreased overall risk of all causes of death, cancer (except breast) and cardiovascular disease; However, the meta-analysis found a lower risk for ischemic heart disease and cancer but did not affect overall mortality or cerebrovascular disease. Possible limitations include the different definitions used by vegetarianism, and observed an increased risk of lung cancer death in those who underwent a vegetarian diet for less than five years. An analysis that brings together two major studies finding vegetarians in the UK has all the same causes of death as meat eaters. Older meta-analysis found similar results, finding only a decrease in mortality in vegetarians, pescatarians, and irregular meat eaters in ischemic heart disease, but not from other causes.
The vegetarian diet has been shown to prevent and treat gallstones, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, dementia, diverticular disease, kidney disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, cancer, and diabetes.
Unplanned vegetarian diets can cause hyperhomocysteinemia and platelet disorders; this risk can be offset by ensuring adequate consumption of vitamin B12 and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The Nutrition and Diet Academies and Food Experts from Canada have stated that at all stages of life, a properly planned vegetarian diet is "healthy, nutritionally adequate, and provides health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases." Large-scale studies have shown that deaths from ischemic heart disease are 30% lower among vegetarian men and 20% lower among vegetarian women than in non-vegetarians. Vegetarian diets offer lower levels of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein, and higher levels of carbohydrates, fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and phytochemicals.
"Vegetarian diets may meet guidelines for the treatment of diabetes and several studies have shown that a more plant-based diet reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, self-reported Severe Adventist Day (SDA) self-reported by less than half of the general population, and among SDA, vegetarians have lower rates of diabetes than non-vegetarians.Among the possible explanations for the protective effects of vegetarian diets are lower vegetarian BMI and higher fiber intake, both of which increase insulin sensitivity. "
The relationship between the vegetarian diet and bone health remains unclear. According to some studies, the vegetarian lifestyle can be linked to vitamin B12 deficiency and low bone mineral density. However, a study of vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults in Taiwan found no significant differences in bone mineral density between the two groups. Another study, exploring the negative effects of animal protein on bone health, suggests that vegetarianism may be less susceptible to osteoporosis than omnivores, since vegetarian subjects have greater bone mineral density and more bone formation.
The China-Cornell-Oxford Project, a 20-year study conducted by Cornell University, Oxford University, and the Chinese government has established a correlation between consumption of animal products and various chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, and breast, prostate and colon cancers (see The China Study ).
A British study of nearly 10,000 men found that those who released meat were almost twice as likely to suffer from depression as people who underwent a conventional balanced diet. The study found that 350 committed vegetarians had higher mean depression scores than others.
A vegetarian diet can help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, because the most important dietary association with Alzheimer's disease appears to be meat consumption, with eggs and high fat dairy products also contributing.
Nutrition
Western vegetarian diets are usually high in carotenoids, but relatively low in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B 12 . Vegans can have very low vitamin B and calcium intake if they do not eat enough foods like green collard, green vegetables, tempeh and tofu (soy). High levels of dietary fiber, folic acid, vitamins C and E, and magnesium, and low intake of saturated fats are considered a beneficial aspect of the vegetarian diet. A well-planned vegetarian diet will provide all the nutrients in the meat diet to the same level for all stages of life.
Protein
The protein intake in the vegetarian diet is lower than the meat diet but can meet the daily needs of most people. Studies at Harvard University as well as other studies conducted in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and various European countries, affirm the vegetarian diet provides adequate protein intake as long as various plant sources are available and consumed. Pumpkin seeds, peanut butter, flaxseed, almonds, pistachio nuts, flaxseed, tofu, wheat, soybeans, walnuts, are a source of protein for vegetarians. Proteins are composed of amino acids, and the general concern with proteins derived from vegetable sources is an adequate intake of essential amino acids, which can not be synthesized by the human body. While dairy and egg products provide a complete source for ovo-lacto vegetarians, some vegetable sources have a significant amount of all eight essential amino acids, including lupine, soy, ramie, chia, spinach, wheat, pumpkin spirulina, pistachios, and quinoa. However, essential amino acids can also be obtained by eating a variety of complementary plant sources that, in combination, provide all eight essential amino acids (eg rice and red beans, or hummus and ribbon, although proteins combined in the same diet are unnecessary). A 1994 study found that varied sources could be adequate.
Iron
Vegetarian diets usually contain the same iron levels as non-vegetarian diets, but these have a lower bioavailability than iron from meat sources, and their absorption can sometimes be inhibited by other dietary constituents. According to the Group of Vegetarian Resources, eating foods containing vitamin C, such as citrus fruits or juice, tomatoes, or broccoli, is a good way to increase the amount of iron absorbed during meals. Iron-rich vegetarian foods include black beans, cashews, hemp, red beans, broccoli, lentils, oatmeal, raisins, spinach, cabbage, lettuce, peas, soybeans, plenty of breakfast cereals, sunflower seeds, arabic nuts, tomato juice, tempe, molasses, thyme, and whole wheat bread. The associated vegan diet can often be higher in iron than the vegetarian diet, due to low-iron dairy products. Iron shops often tend to be lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians, and some small studies report extremely high iron deficiency rates (up to 40%, and 58% of vegetarian or vegan-related groups). However, the American Dietetic Association states that iron deficiency is no more common in vegetarians than non-vegetarians (adult males are rarely iron deficient); iron deficiency anemia rarely occurs regardless of diet.
Vitamin B 12
According to the National Institutes of Health of the United States, vitamin B 12 is generally absent in plants and is naturally found in foods derived from animals. Vegetarian Lacto-ovo can get B 12 from dairy products and eggs, and vegans can get it from fortified foods (including some soy products and some breakfast cereals) and dietary supplements. Vitamin B 12 can also be obtained from fortified yeast extract products.
The recommended dietary allowance of B 12 in the United States is, per day, 0.4 mcg (0-6 months), rises to 1.8 mcg (9-13 years), 2.4 mcg ( 14 years), and 2.8 mcg (breastfeeding women). While the body's daily requirement for vitamin B 12 is very small, vitamin deficiency is so serious that it causes anemia and irreversible nerve damage.
Fatty Acids
Omega-3 sources of vegetable or vegetarian sources contain soy, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, canola oil, kiwis, seaweed, algae, chia seeds, flaxseed, oak seeds and leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, cabbage and purslane. The crocus contains more Omega 3 than any other known leafy green. Olive (and olive oil) is another important plant source of unsaturated fatty acids. Vegetable foods can provide alpha-linolenic acid used by the human body to synthesize long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA can be obtained directly in high amounts of fish oil or fish oil. Vegetarians, and especially vegans, have lower EPA and DHA levels than meat eaters. While the health effects of low levels of EPA and DHA are unknown, it is unlikely that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid will significantly increase levels. Recently, some companies started marketing vegetarian DHA supplements containing seaweed extract. Similar supplements provide DHA and EPA have also begun to emerge. Whole seaweed is not suitable for supplements because their high iodine content limits amounts that can be safely consumed. However, certain algae such as spirulina are sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA).
Calcium
Calcium intake in vegetarians and vegans can be similar to non-vegetarians, as long as the diet is properly planned. Vegetarian Lacto-ovo which includes dairy products can still obtain calcium from dairy sources such as milk, yogurt, and cheese.
Calcium-fortified non-milk milk, such as soy milk and almond milk, can also contribute large amounts of calcium in the diet. The calcium found in broccoli, bok choy, and kale has also been found to have well-absorbed calcium in the body. Although calcium content per serving is lower in this vegetable than a glass of milk, the absorption of calcium into the body is higher. Other foods containing calcium include calcium-set tofu, blackstrap molasses, turnip greens, mustard, soybeans, tempe, almond, okra, dried figs, and tahini. Although calcium can be found in spinach, swiss chard, beans and green beets, they are generally not considered a good source because calcium binds oxalic acid and is not absorbed into the body. Phytic acid found in nuts, seeds, and nuts may also affect the rate of calcium absorption. See the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements for the calcium needs for different ages, the Vegetarian Resources Group and the Vegetarian Nutrition Nutrition Fact Sheet from the Nutrition and Diet Academy to be more specific about how to get enough calcium on vegetarian or vegan diets.
Vitamin D
The need for vitamin D can be met through the human body's own generation of UV exposure that is sufficient and reasonable under the sun. Products including milk, soy milk and cereal grains can be fortified to provide a source of vitamin D. For those who are not getting enough sun exposure or food sources, vitamin D supplements may be needed.
Vitamin D 2
- Plants
- Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa subsp. sativa ), fired: 4.8? g (192 IU) of vitamin D 2 , 0.1? g (4 IU) vitamin D 3
- Fungus, from the USDA nutrient database:
- Mushroom, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, raw: Vitamin D 2 : 11.2? g (446 IU)
- Mushroom, portabella, exposed to ultraviolet light, baked: Vitamin D 2 : 13,1? g (524 IU)
- Mushroom, shiitake, dried: Vitamin D 2 : 3,9? g (154 IU)
- Mushroom, shiitake, raw: Vitamin D 2 : 0.4? g (18 IU)
- Mushroom, portabella, raw: Vitamin D 2 : 0.3? g (10 IU)
- Mushroom powder, any species, lit by sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light sources
Vitamin D 2 , or ergocalciferol is found in fungi (except alfalfa which is a plantae) and is made from viosterol, which in turn is made when ultraviolet rays activate ergosterol (found in fungi and named as sterols from ergot). Each UV-irradiated fungus includes yeast forming vitamin D 2 . Human bioavailability vitamin D 2 of vitamin D 2 - button mushrooms improved through UV-B irradiation is effective in improving vitamin D status and is no different from vitamin D 2 supplement according to the study. For example, Vitamin D 2 of yeast irradiated with UV rays baked into bread is available biologically. With visual assessment or using a chromometer, no significant discoloration of the irradiated fungus, as measured by the "whiteness" level, was observed making it hard to find if they had been treated without a label. Claims have been made that normal portions (about 3 oz or 1/2 cup, or 60 grams) of ultraviolet-treated fungi increase their vitamin D content to levels up to 80 micrograms, or 2700 IU if exposed to only 5 minutes of UV light after being harvested.
Longevity
There are many comparative and statistical studies of the relationship between diet and longevity, including vegetarianism and longevity.
Methyl data combined in 1999 from five studies from western countries. Metastudi reported mortality ratios, in which lower numbers showed fewer deaths, for fish eaters to 0.82, vegetarians to 0.84, occasional meat-eater (eating meat less than once per week) to 0.84. Ordinary meat eaters have a basic mortality rate of 1.0, while the number for vegans is very uncertain (between 0.7 and 1.44) because too few data points. The study reported the number of deaths in each category, and the estimated error range for each ratio, and the adjustments made to the data. However, "lower mortality is largely due to the relatively low prevalence of smoking in this [vegetarian] cohort". Of the major causes of deaths studied, only one difference in mortality rates was associated with differences in diet, in conclusion stating: "... vegetarians have a 24% lower mortality rate than ischemic heart disease than non-vegetarians, but no diet association vegetarian with other major cause of death established ".
In the Death of the English vegetarian , similar conclusions were drawn:
British vegetarians have a lower mortality rate than the general population. Their mortality rates are similar to non-vegetarian figures, suggesting that many of these benefits can be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as low prevalence of smoking and high socioeconomic status, or aspects of diet in addition to avoiding meat and fish. "
The Adventist Health Studies is an ongoing study documenting life expectancy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This is the only study among others with a similar methodology that has a good indication for vegetarianism. The researchers found that a combination of lifestyle choices can affect life expectancy by up to 10 years. Among the lifestyle choices investigated, the vegetarian diet is thought to give an additional age of 1-1/2 to 2 years. The researchers concluded that "the life expectancy of Adventist men and California women is higher than other well-described natural populations" in 78.5 years for men and 82.3 years for women. The life expectancy of a Seventh-day Adventist who survives until age 30 is 83.3 years for men and 85.7 years for women.
Adventist health research is re-incorporated into the metastudi entitled "Is low meat consumption raising life expectancy in humans?" published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, concluded that eating low meat (less than once per week) and other lifestyle choices significantly increased life expectancy, relative to groups with high meat intake. The study concludes that "Findings from one healthy adult group increase the likelihood that long-term (> = 2 decades) adherence to a vegetarian diet can further result in a significant 3.6-y increase in life expectancy." However, the study also concluded that "Some variations in survival benefits in vegetarianism may be due to the apparent differences between studies in adjustment for confounders, vegetarian definitions, measurement error, age distribution, healthy volunteer effects, and specific plant-based dietary intake by vegetarians. "It further states that" It increases the likelihood that a low-meat, high-meat-eating diet may be a true protective factor of the cause and not just eliminate meat from food. " In a recent study of studies relating to a low-meat diet for all causes of death, Singh noted that "5 out of 5 studies indicated that adults who followed a low-meat diet and a high-food diet had significantly decreased or slightly decreased significantly in mortality, relative risk to other patterns of intake. "
Statistical studies, such as comparing life expectancy with regional areas and localized diets in Europe have also found much greater life expectancy in southern France, where a low-meat diet, a high-median Mediterranean diet is common, rather than northern France, where diets with meat content tall one. more common.
A study by the Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, and the Institute of Physiological Chemistry examined a group of 19 vegetarians (lacto-ovo) and was used as a comparison of a group of 19 omnivorous subjects recruited from the same region. The study found that this vegetarian group (lacto-ovo) had significantly higher carboxymethylcininin and late-term glycemics than these non-vegetarians. Carboxymethyllysine is a glycation product that represents "a common marker of oxidative stress and long-term deterioration of proteins in aging, atherosclerosis and diabetes" and "[a] glycation dvanced end products (AGEs) can play a significant adverse role in the process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and chronic renal failure ".
Heart health
According to a study by the Journal of Permanente and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the vegetarian diet is affordable and can help reduce health risks such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and cholesterol levels. Plant-based diets have the potential to lower the risk of heart disease and reduce the amount of drugs prescribed in cases of chronic disease. Changes in the plant-based diet, or vegetarianism, have a dramatic positive effect on the health of patients with chronic illness, significantly more than just exercise
Arthritis
The vegetarian diet has been studied to see if they are beneficial in treating arthritis, but no good supporting evidence has been found.
Alternative medicine
Certain alternative medicines, such as Ayurveda and Siddha, prescribe a vegetarian diet as a normal procedure. Maya Tiwari notes that Ayurveda recommends small portions of meat for some people, although "the rules of hunting and killing animals, practiced by the natives, are very specific and detailed". Now that the method of hunting and killing is not observed, he does not recommend the use of "animal flesh for food, even for Vata types".
Physiology
The human digestive system is an omnivore, capable of consuming a variety of plants and animals. Some nutritionists believe that early hominids evolved into eating meat as a result of major climate change that occurred three to four million years ago, as forests and forests dried up and became open grasslands and opened up opportunities for hunting and scavenging.
Mental disorders
The American Dietetic Association has provided evidence that a vegetarian diet may be more common among adolescents with eating disorders. At the same time the association warns that adoption of the vegetarian diet does not necessarily lead to eating disorders, but that "a vegetarian diet may be chosen to disguise existing eating disorders". Research and other statements by dietitians and counselors support this conclusion.
Vegetarianism is associated with an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, although causality can not be determined.
A vegetarian diet can help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, because the most important dietary association with Alzheimer's disease appears to be meat consumption, with eggs and high fat dairy products also contributing.
Ethics and diet
General
Various ethical reasons have been suggested to choose vegetarianism, usually based on the interests of non-human animals. In many societies, controversy and debate have arisen over animal feeding ethics. Some people, though not vegetarian, refuse to eat certain animal flesh due to cultural taboos, such as cats, dogs, horses or rabbits. Others support eating meat for scientific, nutritional and cultural reasons, including religious ones. Some meat-eaters distance themselves from the meat of animals raised in certain ways, such as farms, or avoiding certain meats, such as beef or foie gras. Some people follow a vegetarian or vegan diet not because of moral issues involving the increase or consumption of animals in general, but because of concerns about the treatment and special practices involved in the maintenance and slaughter of animals, namely animal husbandry and animal slaughter industrialization. Others still avoid meat because meat production is claimed to provide a greater burden on the environment than the production of plant proteins in an equivalent amount.
Ethical objections based on considerations for animals are generally divided into opposition to general killing, and are contrary to certain agricultural practices surrounding meat production.
Ethics of murder for food
Professor of Princeton University and animal rights activist Peter Singer believes that if alternative means of survival exist, one must choose options that do not cause unnecessary damage to animals. Most ethical vegetarians argue that the same reason exists against killing animals in meat to eat as against killing humans for food, especially humans with similar or lower cognitive abilities than the animals concerned. Singer, in his book Animal Liberation, lists the possible qualities of feelings in non-human beings that give such creatures scope to be considered under utilitarian ethics, and this has been widely referenced by animal rights activists and vegetarian. Ethical vegetarians also believe that killing animals, such as killing humans, especially those having the same or lower cognitive abilities of the animals in question, can only be justified in extreme circumstances and that eat living things for their pleasant taste, comfort, or pleasure. nutritional value is not a sufficient cause. Another common view is that humans are morally conscious of their behavior in ways that other animals do not, and are therefore subject to higher standards.
McMahan states that cognitively disabled people do not have the same rights as non-disabled people. While mentally handicapped people in the past are often treated with extreme brutality, with the development of morality most people understand that the rights of cognitively disabled people still include the right to life and good treatment. Increasingly, as moral philosophy develops further, people understand that, beyond the survival situation, denying the right to life for animals with equal or greater cognitive abilities than mentally defective people is an arbitrary and discriminatory practice based on custom and desires that are contrary to logic.
Opponents of ethical vegetarianism argue that animals are not moral equivalent to humans and therefore consider the comparison of livestock feeding by killing people to be wrong. This view does not condone atrocities, but claims that animals have no human rights.
Milk and egg
One of the main differences between vegan and vegetarian diets is avoiding eggs and dairy products like milk, cheese, butter and yoghurt. Ethical vegans do not consume milk or eggs because they claim that their production causes animal suffering or premature death.
To produce milk from dairy cows, calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and massacred or replaced by milk to maintain cow's milk for human consumption. The vegans claim that this breaks the natural mother and calf bond. Unwanted male cows either slaughtered at birth or sent for veal production. To prolong lactation, dairy cows almost permanently continue to conceive through artificial insemination. After about five years, after the production of cow's milk declines, they are considered "spent" and sent for slaughter for beef and skin. The natural life expectancy of dairy cattle is about twenty years.
In battery cages and short-range egg production, unwanted roosters are destroyed or disposed of at birth during the process of securing the next generation of laying hens.
Animal care
Ethical vegetism has become popular in developed countries primarily due to the spread of factory farms, faster communication, and environmental awareness. Some believe that the demand for meat today can not be met without mass production systems that ignore animal welfare, while others believe that such practices are well managed and free game consumption, especially from species whose natural predators have been significantly eliminated, can substantially reduce demand for mass-produced meat.
Classical Greek and Roman Philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy has a long tradition of vegetarianism. Pythagoras is reportedly vegetarian (and studied at Mount Carmel, where some historians say there is a vegetarian community), as their followers hope.
The Roman writer Ovid summarized the magnum opus of Metamorphoses, in part, with a fiery argument (pronounced by the Pythagoras character) that in order for humanity to change, or to morpheme, to be a better, more harmonious species, it must strive toward a more humane tendency.. He cited vegetarianism as an important decision in this metamorphosis, explaining his belief that human life and animal life are entangled in such a way that killing animals is tantamount to killing fellow human beings.
Everything changed; no one dies; souls go there, now here, right there, and take what frame will be, from animal to human, from our own to animal and never die... Because of that lust and greed break the bond of love and obligation , pay attention to my message! Abstain! Never by the slaughter of the souls of the kinsmen and the blood of blood with blood!
Religion and diet
Jainism teaches vegetarianism as a moral behavior as do some of the main sects of Hinduism. Buddhism in general does not forbid eating meat, while Mahayana Buddhism encourages vegetarianism to be useful for developing compassion. Other denominations that advocate a vegetarian diet include Seventh Day Adventists, Rastafari movements, Ananda Marga movement and Hare Krishnas. Sikhism does not equate spirituality with diet and does not mention vegetarian or meat diets.
BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith
Although there is no dietary restriction in Baha'i Religion, 'Abdu'l-Baha, the son of the founder of religion, notes that a vegetarian diet consisting of fruits and grains is desirable, except for people with weak constitution or those who are ill. He stated that there is no requirement that BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's be vegetarian, but that future society should gradually become vegetarian. `Abdu'l-BahÃÆ'¡ also states that killing animals is contrary to compassion. While Shoghi Effendi, head of the BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith in the first half of the 20th century, stated that a pure vegetarian diet would be better for avoiding killing animals, both he and the House of Universal Judiciary, BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's governmental bodies have declared that teachings this is not a practice of Bahá''á and that BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's can choose to eat whatever they want but must respect the beliefs of others.
Buddhism
Theravadins generally eat meat. If Buddhist monks "see, hear, or know" a living animal is specifically killed for them to eat, they must reject it or commit an offense. However, this does not include eating meat that is given as alms or purchased commercially. In the Theravada canon, the Buddha makes no commentary that prevents them from eating meat (except for certain species, such as humans, elephant meat, horses, dogs, snakes, lions, tigers, leopards, bears, and hyenas) specifically refusing to institutionalize vegetarianism in its monastic code when a suggestion has been made.
In some texts of Sanskrit Mahayana Buddhism, the Buddha ordered his followers to avoid the flesh. However, each branch of Mahayana Buddhism chooses which sutra to follow, and some branches, including the majority of Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, eat meat, while many branches of Chinese Buddhism do not.
Christianity
Christians are always free to make their own decisions about what to eat; However, there are groups within Christianity who practice special dietary restrictions for various reasons. The early sect known as Ebionite is considered to have practiced vegetarianism. Merging fragments of their Gospel shows their belief that - just as Christ is an Easter sacrifice and eating the Passover lamb is no longer necessary - a vegetarian diet can (or should) be considered. However, Orthodox Christians do not accept their teaching as authentic. Indeed, their specific command for strict vegetarianism is referred to as one of Ebionit's "faults".
Later, the Christian Bible Church founded by Rev. William Cowherd in 1809 followed a vegetarian diet. Cowherd is one of the pioneers of the philosophy of the Vegetarian Society. Cowherd encourages members to abstain from eating meat as a form of simplicity.
Seventh-day Adventists are encouraged to engage in healthy eating practices, and the ova-lacto-vegetarian diet is recommended by the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Council of Seventh-day Adventists (GCNC). They have also sponsored and participated in many scientific studies exploring the impact of dietary decisions on health outcomes. GCNC has also adjusted the USDA food pyramid to approach the vegetarian diet. However, the only type of meat that is specifically criticized by the message of natural health is unclean meat, or which is prohibited in the scriptures.
In addition, some monastic orders follow a vegetarian diet, and members of the Orthodox Church follow a vegan diet during fasting. There is also a strong relationship between Quaker and vegetarianism since at least the 18th century. This association grew more popular during the 19th century, coupled with Quaker's growing concerns regarding alcohol consumption, anti-life and social purity surgery. The relationship between the Quaker tradition and vegetarianism, however, became very important with the establishment of Friends' Vegetarian Society in 1902 "to spread a better way of life among the Society of Friends."
According to Canon Law, Roman Catholics are required to abstain from meat (which is defined as all animal flesh except aquatic animals) on Ash Wednesday and all Lent Friday including Good Friday. Canonic law also requires Catholics to abstain from meat on Friday years outside Lent (except certain holy days) except, with the permission of the local bishop's conference, other acts of repentance are replaced. The limitation of eating meat in these days is merely an act of penance and not a religious objection to eating meat.
Seventh-day Adventist
Since the establishment of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the 1860s when the church began, wholeness and health have become the emphasis of the Adventist church, and have been known as the "health message" of the church. Adventists are notorious for delivering a health message recommending vegetarianism and expecting obedience to halal law in Leviticus 11. Compliance with these laws means not eating pork, shellfish, and other animals that are prohibited as "unclean". The Church forbids its members from consuming alcohol, tobacco or illegal drugs (compare Christianity and alcohol). In addition, some Adventists avoid coffee, tea, cola, and other drinks containing caffeine.
Adventist Church pioneers have much to do with the general acceptance of breakfast cereals into Western diets, and the "commercial concepts of modern cereals" from Adventists. John Harvey Kellogg was one of the earliest founders of the Adventist health work. The development of breakfast cereals as health food led to the birth of Kellogg's by his brother William. Both in Australia and New Zealand, the Church-owned Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company is a leading manufacturer of health and vegetarian products, the most prominent Weet-Bix.
Research funded by the US National Institutes of Health shows that the average Adventist in California lives 4 to 10 years longer than the average Californian. The study, as cited by the November 2005 cover story of National Geographic, affirms that Adventists live longer because they do not smoke or drink alcohol, have weekly rest days, and maintain a healthy low-fat vegetarian diet beans and nuts. The integration of the Adventist social network has also been presented as an explanation for extending their life. Since Dan Buettner's 2005 National Geographic story of Advent's longevity, his book, The Blue Zones: Lessons for Longer Life of Oldest People , named Loma Linda , California "blue zone" because of the great concentration of Seventh Day Adventists. He cites the Adventist emphasis on health, diet, and Sabbath maintenance as a key factor for Advent's longevity.
An estimated 35% of Adventists practice vegetarianism or veganism, according to worldwide surveys around the world to local church leaders.
Hinduism
Although there are no strict rules about what to eat and what is not, the way Hinduism holds vegetarianism as an ideal. Some of the reasons are: the nonviolent principle (ahimsa) applied to animals; the intention to simply offer "pure" (vegetarian) food to the god and then accept it again as prasad; and the belief that a living diet is beneficial to a healthy body and mind and that non-vegetarian food is not recommended for a better mind and for spiritual development.
However, the Hindu dietary habits vary according to different communities, locations, customs, and traditions. Historically and today, Hindus who eat meat prescribe Jhatka meat, while some Hindus believe that cattle are sacred animals that slaughter for their meat is forbidden. This belief varies by region.
Islam
Some followers of Islam, or Muslims, choose to become vegetarian for health, ethics, or personal reasons. However, the choice to become vegetarian for non-medical reasons can sometimes be controversial because of conflicting fatwas and different interpretations of the Quran. Although some more traditional Muslims may be silent about their vegetarian diet, the number of vegetarian Muslims is increasing.
Vegetarianism has been practiced by some influential Muslims including Iraqi theologians, mystical women and poets RÃÆ'Â ¢ bi'ah al-'AdawÃÆ'®yah from Basrah, who died in 801, and the Sufi teacher of Sri Lanka Bawa Muhaiyaddeen who founded The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in Philadelphia. Former Indian president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is also known as a vegetarian.
In January 1996, the International Vegetarian Union announced the creation of a Vegetarian/Vegan Muslim Society.
Many non-vegetarian Muslims will choose the vegetarian (or seafood) option when eating in unlawful restaurants. However, it is a matter of not having the right kind of meat rather than prefer not to eat meat as a whole.
Jainism
Followers of Jainism believe that all living organisms are whether they are living microorganisms and have souls, and possess one or more senses of the five senses and they strive to minimize harm to every living organism. Most Jains are lacto-vegetarians but the more devout Jains do not eat root vegetables because they believe root vegetables contain more micro-organisms than other vegetables, and that, by eating them, the hardness of these micro-organisms is inevitable. So they focus on eating beans and fruits, whose processing does not involve the killing of many micro-organisms. No product obtained from dead animals is permitted, because when living things die, many microorganisms (called decomposers) will reproduce in the body that breaks the body, and in eating corpses, decomposer hardness is inevitable. The Jain monks usually do a lot of fasting, and when they know through the spiritual power that their lives are so few, they start fasting to death. Some very dedicated individuals are the fruitarians. Honey is forbidden, because honey is a regurgitation of nectar by bees and may also contain eggs, dirt and dead bees. Some Jains do not consume parts of plants that grow underground like roots and tubers, because the plants themselves and small animals can be killed when the plants are withdrawn.
Judaism
While classical Jewish law does not require or prohibit meat consumption, Jewish vegetarians often cite Jewish principles of animal welfare, environmental ethics, moral character, and health as reasons for adopting a vegetarian or vegan diet.
A number of medieval rabbis (eg, Joseph Albo and Isaac Arama) regard vegetarianism as a moral ideal because animal slaughter can cause individuals who do such actions to develop negative characters. Many modern rabbis, by contrast, support vegetarianism or veganism primarily because of concerns about animal welfare, especially given the traditional ban that causes unnecessary "pain to living things" (tza'ar ba'alei hayyim).
According to Genesis, meat consumption is forbidden to humans (1: 29-30) even though Noah was permitted to consume meat after the Flood. Some advocates of Jewish vegetarianism, such as Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, describe vegetarianism as an eschatological ideal that ultimately all humans must return. A number of Jewish vegetarian groups and activists promote the ideas and believe that halakhic permits to eat meat are temporary relief for those not yet ready to accept the vegetarian diet. For some commentators, such as Rabbi Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz, the complexities of sacrificial and shechita laws are intended to reduce meat consumption and make it less painful for animals.
Vegetarianism and Jewish veganism have become very popular among Israeli Jews. In 2016, Israel is described as "the most vegan country on Earth," because five percent of its population avoids all animal products. Interest in veganism has grown among non-Orthodox and Orthodox Jews in Israel.
Rastafari
In Afro-Caribbean communities, minorities are Rastafari and follow the diet rules with varying degrees of assertiveness. The orthodox only eat "Ital" or natural food, where matching herbs or spices with vegetables is the result of long traditions derived from African ancestors and Rastafari cultural heritage. "Ital", which is derived from the vital word, means essential to human existence. Cooking Ital in its strictest form prohibits the use of salt, meat (especially pork), preservatives, dyes, flavors, and everything is made. Most of Rastafari is vegetarian.
Sikhism
The teachings of Sikhism do not advocate a certain stance on vegetarianism or meat consumption, but leave the dietary decisions to individuals. The tenth teacher, Guru Gobind Singh, however, forbids Sikh "Amritdhari", or those who follow Sikh Rehat Maryada (Official Sikh Code of Ethics) from eating Kutha meat, or meat that has been obtained from animals that have been killed in ritual manner. This is understood for political reasons for maintaining independence from new Muslim hegemony, as most Muslims follow a ritualistic halal diet.
"Amritdharis" which belongs to several Sikh sects (eg Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Damdami Taksal, Namdhari and Rarionwalay, etc.) Strongly opposes consumption of meat and eggs (though they consume and encourage consumption of milk, butter and cheese). This vegetarian attitude has been traced back to the time of Raj Britain, with the emergence of many new Vaishnavas. Responding to diverse views on diet across the Sikh population, Sikh Guru has been trying to clarify the Sikh outlook on diet, emphasizing their preference only for the simplicity of the diet. Guru Nanak says that excessive food consumption (Lobh, Greed) involves draining the Earth's resources and thus on life. Part of the Guru Granth Sahib (the Sikh scripture, also known as Adi Granth ) says that it is "stupid" to argue the superiority of animals, because even though all life is related, only human life which brings more importance: "Only fools argue whether to eat meat or not Who can define what is flesh and what is not meat Who knows where the sin lies, whether vegetarian or not - vegetarian? Sikh langar, or free temple food, is largely lacto-vegetarian, though this is understood as the result of presenting a meal that respects the food of everyone who wants to eat, rather than coming out of dogma.
Environment and diet
Environmental vegetism is based on the concern that meat production and animal products for mass consumption, especially through livestock, are not environmentally sustainable. According to the 2006 United Nations initiative, the livestock industry is one of the largest contributors to environmental degradation worldwide, and modern practices of raising animals for food contribute to a "large scale" of air and water pollution, land degradation, climate change and the loss of biodiversity. The initiative concluded that "the livestock sector appears as one of the two or three most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global."
In addition, farms are a great source of greenhouse gases. According to a 2006 report, it is responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as estimated within 100 years of equivalent CO 2 . Livestock sources (including fermentation and enteric fertilizers) account for about 3.1 percent of US anthropogenic GHG emissions declared as carbon dioxide equivalents. This EPA estimate is based on a methodology agreed by the UNFCCC Conference of Parties, with a 100-year global warming potential of the IPCC Second Assessment Report used in estimating GHG emissions as carbon dioxide equivalents.
Laboratory-produced meats (called in vitro meat) may be more eco-friendly than regularly produced meats. Vegetarian reactions vary. Maintenance of a small number of grazing animals can be useful, as the Food Climate Research Network at Surrey University reports: "A little animal production may be a good thing for the environment.
In May 2009, Ghent, Belgium, was reported as "the first city in the world to become vegetarian at least once a week" for environmental reasons, when the local government decided to apply "meatless days weekly". Civil servants will eat vegetarian food one day per week, in recognition of the United Nations report. Posters were prepared by local authorities to encourage the population to take part on vegetarian days, and "veggie street maps" were printed to highlight vegetarian restaurants. In September 2009, the schools in Ghent will hold a weekly veggiedag ("vegetarian day") as well.
Condition and eating patterns
Some groups, such as PETA, promote vegetarianism as a way to offset the ill-treatment and working conditions of workers in the contemporary meat industry. These groups cite studies that show the psychological damage caused by working in the meat industry, especially in factories and industrial settings, and argue that the meat industry violates workers' rights by assigning difficult and painful tasks without counseling, training and briefing adequate. However, the working conditions of agricultural workers as a whole, especially non-permanent workers, remain poor and far below the conditions prevailing in other economic sectors. Accidents, including pesticide poisoning, among farmers and plantation workers contribute to increased health risks, including increased mortality. According to the International Labor Organization, agriculture is one of the three most dangerous jobs in the world.
Economy and diet
Similar to environmental vegetarianism is the concept of economic vegetarianism. An economic vegetarian is someone who practices vegetarianism from a philosophical point of view on issues such as public health and enduring world hunger, the belief that meat consumption is economically unhealthy, part of a simple, conscious or simply needs-based life strategy. According to the Worldwatch Institute, "Massive reductions in meat consumption in industrialized countries will ease the burden of their health care while improving public health, the reduction of livestock will take pressure from grassland and wheat land, enabling the agricultural resource base to rejuvenate. grow, decrease Meat consumption worldwide will enable more efficient use of declining land and water resources per capita while at the same time making grains more affordable for a chronically hungry world. "
Demographics
Prejudger researcher Gordon Hodson observes that vegetarians and vegans often face discrimination where eating meat is considered a cultural norm.
Gender
A 1992 study of market research conducted by the Yankelovich research organization concluded that "out of the 12.4 million people [in the US] who call themselves vegetarian, 68% are female, while only 32% are male."
At least one study showed that vegetarian women were more likely to have a baby girl. A study of 6,000 pregnant women in 1998 "found that while the national average in England was 106 boys born from every 100 girls, for vegetarian mothers the ratio was only 85 boys to 100 girls." Catherine Collins of the British Dietetic Association has rejected this as a "statistical coincidence" given that it is actually the male genetic contribution that determines the sex of a baby.
Country-specific information
See also
Note
References
Further reading
- Adam D. Shprintzen. Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of America's Reform Movement, 1817-1921 . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
External links
- Resources/Support for Vegetarian
- International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition
- Destroying The Meat Myth: Man Is Natural Vegetarian by Kathy Freston, The Huffington Post , June 11, 2009
- Famous Vegetarians - slide show by Life magazine
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
- The Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG)
- Vegetarian Society
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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