Norway ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Norway: Norge (BokmÃÆ'  ¥ l) or < span> Ã, Noreg (Nynorsk); Northern Sami: Norga ), officially Royal Norwegian , is a sovereign sovereign state whose territory consists of the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the Svalbard archipelago. The Antarctic Island of Peter I and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Islands are dependent territories and therefore are not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also claims a part of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land. Until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included BohuslÃÆ'¤n until 1658, JÃÆ'¤mtland and HÃÆ'¤rjedalen until 1645, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, and the Hebrides and the Isle of Man until 1266.
Norway has a total area of ​​385,252 square kilometers (148,747Ã, sqÃ, mi) and a population of 5,258,317 (as per January 2017). The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden (1,619 km or 1,006 mi long). Norway borders Finland and Russia to the northeast, and Skagerrak strait to the south, with Denmark on the other. Norway has a wide coastline, overlooking the North Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea.
King Harald V of the Dano-German House of GlÃÆ'¼cksburg is the current King of Norway. Erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, and re-elected in September 2017. Erna Solberg replaced Jens Stoltenberg who was Prime Minister between 2000 and 2001 and 2005-2013. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divided the state power between Parliament, the cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the Constitution of 1814. The kingdom was established as a merger of large numbers of small kingdoms. With a traditional count of 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,145 years, and the list of Norwegian kings includes over sixty kings and ears.
Norway has administrative and political subdivisions at two levels: the district and the municipality. The Sao people have a number of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sao Parliament and the Finnmark Act. Norway maintains close ties with the EU and the United States. Norway is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, the Antarctic Treaty, and the Nordic Council; members of the European Economic Area, WTO and OECD; and part of the Schengen Area.
Norway maintains the Nordic welfare model with universal health care and comprehensive social security systems, and the values ​​of the Norwegian Society are rooted in egalitarian ideals. Designated as 21st century socialism, the Norwegian state has major industrial sectors such as oil (Statoil) or hydro power (Statkraft), has oil reserves, natural gas, minerals, wood, seafood, and fresh water. The petroleum industry accounts for about a quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Per capita, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East.
The country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF list. On the list of per capita GDP (PPP) of the CIA (est. 2015) covering autonomous regions and territories, Norway ranks number eleven. It has the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world, with a value of USD 1 trillion. Norway has ranked the highest Human Development Index in the world since 2009, a position held previously between 2001 and 2006. It also has the highest adjusted inequality ranking. Norway ranks first in the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Public Integrity Index, and the Democracy Index. Norway also has one of the lowest crime rates in the world.
Video Norway
Etimologi
Norway has two official names: Norge in BokmÃÆ'  ¥ l and Noreg in Nynorsk. The Norwegian English name is derived from the Old English word NorÃÆ'¾weg mentioned in 880, which means "north road" or "road to the north", which is how Anglo-Saxon refers to the Norwegian Atlantic coastline. The Anglo-Saxon of Britain also refers to the Norwegian kingdom in 880 as NorÃÆ'manna land .
There is some disagreement as to whether the original Norwegian name originally had the same etymology as the English form. According to an irrefutable traditional view, the first component initially is norÃÆ'Â ° r , the native English language north , so its full name is NorÃÆ'Â ° r vegr , "way to the north", referring to the sailing route along the coast of Norway, and in contrast to the "southern way" (from Old Norse suÃÆ'® r) to (Germany), the southern way (su n? rvegar and austrvegr "east road" (from austr) for the Baltic.
According to another theory, the first component is the word nÃÆ'³r , which means "narrow" or "north", referring to the route sailing through the land ("narrow path"). Interpretation as "north", as reflected in the English and Latin forms of that name, will then occur due to the etymology of the people then. This latter view comes from a philologist Niels Halvorsen TrÃÆ'¸nnes in 1847; since 2016 it was also supported by language students and activist Klaus Johan Myrvoll and was adopted by the philosopher Michael Schulte. The shape Nore is still used in placenames such as Nore village and lake Norefjorden in the Buskerud area, and still has the same meaning. Among other arguments in favor of theory, it shows that the word has a long vowel in Skaldic poetry and is not proved by & lt; ÃÆ' Â ° & gt; in any original Norse text or inscription (the earliest secret command has spelling nuruiak and nuriki ). This raised theory has received some resistance by other scholars for various reasons, e. G. the presence of non-controversial elements norÃÆ' Â ° r in the etymony norÃÆ' Â ° rmaÃÆ' Â ° r "Norseman, the Norwegian" (nordmann modern Norwegian ), and adjectives norr? nn "north, Norse, Norway", as well as the initial authorization of the Latin and Anglo-Saxon forms with & lt; th & gt;.
In the Latin script 849, the name Northuagia is mentioned, while the French historical record c. 900 using the name Norway and Norway. When Ohthere of HÃÆ'  ¥ logaland visited King Alfred the Great in England at the end of the ninth century, the land was called NorÃÆ' ° wegr (lit. "Northway") and norÃÆ'  ° manna land (lit. "Land of Northman"). Adjectives Norway , recorded from c. 1600, comes from the release of the name as Norway ; in the Norwegian adjective , the Old English spelling '-weg' has survived.
Old Norse norÃÆ' Â ° maÃÆ' Â ° r has been translated as Nortmannus in the ninth century meaning "Norseman" and also "Viking", which gave rise to the name of Normandy. After Norway became a Christian, Noreg and Noregi had become the most common form, but during the 15th century, the newer form Noreg (h) and Norg (h) e , found in medieval Icelandic texts, took over and survived into modern times.
Maps Norway
History
Prehistoric
The first inhabitants are the Ahrensburg culture (11 to 10 millennia BC), which is a slow, late Paleolithic culture during the Dryas Muda, the last cold period at the end of the Weichselian glaciation. This culture is named after the village of Ahrensburg, 25 km (15.53 mi) northeast of Hamburg in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, where the wooden darts and club shafts have been dug up. The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the great ice sheets of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC. The earliest findings are stone tools dating from 9,500 to 6,000 BC, found in Finnmark (Komsa culture) in the north and Rogaland (Fosna culture) in the southwest. However, the theory of two entirely different cultures (the culture of the northern Command of the Arctic Circle being one and the Fosna culture from TrÃÆ'¸nelag to Oslofjord being the other) became obsolete in the 1970s.
More recent findings along the coast reveal to archaeologists that the difference between the two can be thought of as coming from different types of tools and not in different cultures. Coastal Fauna provides a means of livelihood for fishermen and hunters, who may have traveled along the southern coast around 10,000 BC when the interior is still covered in ice. It is now estimated that these so-called "Arcticians" are from the south and follow the coast to the north much later.
In the southern part of the country are dwellings dating from about 5,000 BC. The findings from these sites provide a clearer picture of the lives of hunting and fishing communities. Tools vary in shape and are mostly made of various types of stones; people of later periods are more skillfully crafted. Rock carvings (ie petroglyphs) have been found, usually near hunting and fishing grounds. They represent games such as deer, wildebeest, deer, bears, birds, seals, whales and fish (especially salmon and halibut), all of which are vital to the coastal community's way of life. The carvings in Alta at Finnmark, the largest in Scandinavia, were made at sea level from 4,200 to 500 BC and marked the development of land as the sea rose after the last ice age ended (Rock carvings in Alta).
Bronze Age
Between 3000 and 2500 BC, the new settlers (Corded Ware culture) arrived in eastern Norway. They are Indo-European farmers who grow cereals and raise cattle and sheep. The hunting-fishing population on the west coast is also gradually being replaced by farmers, although hunting and fishing remain a useful secondary means of livelihood.
From about 1500 BC, bronze was gradually introduced, but the use of stone tools continued; Norway had little wealth to trade in bronze goods, and some of the findings consisted mostly of intricate weapons and brooches that only tribal chiefs could buy. The large cemetery pans built close to the sea as far north as Harstad and also the hinterland are characteristic of this period. Stone carving motifs are different from the typical Stone Age. The representation of the Sun, animals, trees, weapons, ships, and people are all very stylish.
Thousands of stone carvings from this period depict ships, and large stone cemetery monuments known as stone vessels, indicate that ships and voyages play an important role in culture widely. The ships depicted, most likely represent boards made of boats used for warfare, fishing, and trade. This type of ship may have their origins as far as the neolithic period and they continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as exemplified by the Hjortspring boat.
Iron Age
Little is found to be from the early Iron Age (500 years BC). The dead victims were cremated, and their graves contained several burial items. During the first four centuries, the Norwegians were in touch with Gaul occupied by the Romans. About 70 Roman bronze cauldrons, often used as burial jars, have been found. Contact with civilized countries farther south brings knowledge of runes; the oldest known Norwegian date inscription from the 3rd century. At this time, the number of settled areas in the country is increasing, a development that can be tracked by coordinated studies of topography, archeology, and place names. The oldest names of roots, such as nes, vik, and bÃÆ'¸ ("cape," "bay," and "farm"), are very ancient, probably from the Bronze Age, while the earliest of compound group names with suffixes vin ("meadow") or heim ("settlement"), as in Bj? rgvin (Bergen) or S? heim (Seim), usually comes from the 1st century.
The first archaeologists made the decision to divide the Iron Age of Northern Europe into distinct pre-Roman and Roman iron ages after Emil Vedel discovered a number of Iron Age artifacts in 1866 on the island of Bornholm. They do not show the same Roman influence seen in most other artifacts from the early centuries AD, indicating that parts of northern Europe had not been in contact with the Romans in the early Iron Age.
Migration period
The destruction of the Western Roman Empire by the Germans in the fifth century is characterized by rich findings, including tribal tribes containing weapons and magnificent gold objects. Hill forts are built on steep rocks for defense. Excavations have revealed the foundation stone of a farmhouse 18-27 meters (59-89 feet) long - one even 46 meters (151 feet) long - a roof supported on a wooden pole. These houses are family homes where generations live together, with people and cattle under one roof.
These countries are based on clans or tribes (eg, Horder of Hordaland in western Norway). In the 9th century, each of these small countries had things (local or regional assemblies), to negotiate and settle disputes. The meeting place of things , each ending up with hÃÆ'¶rgr (open sanctuary) or kafir hof (temple: literally "hill"), is usually located on the oldest and best farm, which belongs to the tribal chief and richest farmer. Regional things unite to form larger units: yeomen representative assemblies from several regions. In this way, lagting (assemblies for negotiation and legislation) was developed. Gulating has its meeting place by Sognefjord and may be the center of an aristocratic confederation along the fjords and western islands called Gulatingslag. Frosting is a meeting for leaders in the Trondheimsfjord area; Earls of Lade, near Trondheim, appears to have enlarged Frostatinglag by adding the coastal area from Romsdalsfjord to Lofoten.
Viking Age
From the 8th to 10th centuries, the wider Scandinavian region was the source of the Vikings. The looting of the monastery at Lindisfarne in Northeast England in 793 by the Norse people has long been regarded as an event that marks the beginning of the Viking Age. This age is characterized by expansion and emigration by Viking sailors. They colonized, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. The Norwegian Viking explorer first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century when heading for the Faroe Islands, and finally found Vinland, now known as Newfoundland, in Canada. The Vikings of Norway are most active in the northern and western islands of Britain and the eastern islands of North America.
According to tradition, Harald Fairhair united them into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of united Norway. The world of Harald is primarily a coastal state of Southern Norway. Fairhair ruled with strong hands and in keeping with his stories, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and parts of England and Ireland. The modern Irish cities of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford were founded by Norwegian settlers.
The Norse tradition was slowly replaced by Christians in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Viking was the agreement between Iceland and Olaf Haraldsson, the king of Norway around 1015 to 1028. This was largely attributed to the king missionary Olav Tryggvasson and St. Olav. Haakon the Good was the first Christian king in Norway, in the mid-10th century, although his attempts to introduce religion were rejected. Born between 963-969, Olav Tryggvasson commenced a British raid with 390 ships. He attacked London during this raid. Arriving in Norway in 995, Olav landed on Moster. There he built the church which became the first Christian church built in Norway. From Moster, Olav sailed north to Trondheim where he was proclaimed King of Norway by Eyrathing in 995.
Feudalism has never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as is the case throughout Europe. However, government administration takes on a very conservative feudal character. The Hanseatic League forces royalties to hand over to them greater and greater concessions to foreign trade and the economy. The League holds control of this royalty because of the loans Hansa gave to the royalties and the huge debts the kings took. The League's monopolistic control over the Norwegian economy puts pressure on all classes, especially the peasants, to the extent that no real thieves class in Norway.
Civil War and Empire
From 1040 to 1130 the country was peaceful. In 1130, the era of civil war broke out on the basis of an obscure law of succession, which allowed all the sons of kings to rule together. For a period there can be peace, before the lower sons ally themselves with a tribal chief and start a new conflict. Archdiocese of Nidaros was formed in 1152 and seeks to control the appointment of kings. The church must surely take sides in the conflict, with civil war also becoming a matter of the church's influence from the king. The war ended in 1217 with the appointment of HÃÆ'  ¥ kon HÃÆ'  ¥ konsson, which introduced a clear succession law.
From 1000 to 1300 the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, generating more land cleared and agricultural land division. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, in 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by kings, churches, or aristocracies. This is a gradual process that occurs because farmers borrow money in poor times and can not afford to pay. However, the tenants have always been free men and great distances and often scattered possession means that they enjoy more freedom than continental slaves. In the 13th century about twenty percent of the farmers' crops fell into the hands of kings, churches and landlords.
The 14th century is described as the Golden Age in Norway, with peace and increased trade, especially with the British Isles, although Germany has become increasingly important by the end of this century. Throughout the High Middle Ages the king established Norway as a sovereign state with the central government and local representatives.
In 1349, Black Death spread to Norway and within a year killed a third of the population. Then the calamity reduced the population to half the starting point in 1400. Many communities were completely destroyed, generating lots of land, allowing farmers to move on to more farms. Tax reductions undermine the position of the king, and many nobles lose their base for surplus, reducing some peasants. High tithe to the church made it stronger and the archbishop became a member of the State Council.
The Hanseatic League took over the Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading center in Bergen. In 1380 Olaf Haakonsson inherited both Norwegian and Danish thrones, creating unity between the two countries. In 1397, under Margaret I, the Kalmar Association was formed between three Scandinavian countries. He fought a war against Germany, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norway, resulting in rebellion. However, the Norwegian State Council is too weak to withdraw from trade unions.
Margaret pursued a policy of centralization that Denmark certainly favored, as it had a larger population than the combined Norwegians and Swedes. Margaret also granted trade privileges to Hanseatic merchants from LÃÆ'¼beck in Bergen in return for the recognition of her right to power, and this harmed the Norwegian economy. Hanseatic merchants form a country within a country in Bergen for generations. What's worse is the pirates, "Brothers of Victory", who launched three devastating attacks on the harbor (the last in 1427).
Norway slipped more into the background under the Oldenburg dynasty (founded 1448). There was an insurrection under Knut Alvsson in 1502. The Norwegians had affection for King Christian II, who had lived in the country for several years. Norway did not take part in the events that led to Sweden's independence from Denmark in the 1520s.
Kalmar Union
After the death of Haakon V (King of Norway) in 1319, Magnus Erikson, at the age of three, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway. At the same time, a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful, and both Swedish and Danish kings were elected to the throne by their respective nobles, thus, with his election to the Swedish, Swedish and Norwegian thrones united under King Magnus VII.
In 1349, Black Death radically altered Norway, killing between 50% and 60% of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline. The plague made Norway very poor. Although the mortality rate is comparable to other European countries, economic recovery takes longer due to a small and scattered population. Even before the plague, the population was only about 500,000. After the plague, many farms are idle while the population is slowly increasing. However, some surviving agricultural tenants find their bargaining position with their landlords greatly strengthened.
King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as Haakon VI. In 1363 Haakon VI married Margaret, daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. After Haakon VI's death, in 1379, his son, Olaf IV, was only 10 years old. Olaf was elected to the Danish seat on May 3, 1376. Thus, after Olaf's accession to the throne of Norway, Denmark and Norway entered into personal unity. Mrs. Olaf and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, manages Danish and Norwegian foreign affairs during the Olaf IV minority.
Margaret worked towards the union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by making Olaf elected king of Sweden. He almost reached this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died. However, Denmark made Margaret a temporary ruler of Olaf's death. On February 2, 1388, Norway followed and crowned Margaret. Queen Margaret knew that her strength would be safer if she could find the king reigning in her place. He settled on Eric of Pomerania, the grandson of his sister. So at an all-Scandinavian meeting held in Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of the three Scandinavian countries. Thus, the royal policy of generating personal unity between the Nordic countries, eventually brought the throne of Norway, Denmark and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when it entered the Kalmar Union.
Union with Denmark
After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union in 1521, Norway tried to follow him, but the next uprising was defeated, and Norway remained united with Denmark until 1814, totaling 434 years. During the national romance of the nineteenth century, this period by some was referred to as "The Night of 400 Years", as all the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative powers centered on Copenhagen in Denmark. In fact, it was a period of great prosperity and progress for Norway, especially in terms of foreign shipping and trade, and it also ensured the country's resurgence from the demographic calamity it suffered in Black Death. Based on their respective natural resources, Denmark-Norway is actually an excellent match since Denmark supports the Norwegian need for grain and food supplies, and Norway supplies Denmark with wood, metal, and fish.
With the introduction of Protestantism in 1536, the archbishops of Trondheim were dissolved, and Norway lost its independence, effectively becoming a Danish colony. Church income and property were transferred to the courts in Copenhagen. Norway lost the flow of pilgrims to the relics of St Olav at Nidaros temple, and with them, many contacts with cultural and economic life throughout Europe.
Finally restored as a kingdom (though in the legislative union with Denmark) in 1661, Norway saw a decline in land area in the 17th century with the loss of BÃÆ'  ¥ huslen, Jemtland and Herjedalen provinces to Sweden, as a result of a number of disastrous wars with Sweden. In the north, however, its territory increased with the acquisition of the northern provinces of Troms and Finnmark, at the expense of Sweden and Russia.
Hunger 1695-1696 killed about 10% of the Norwegian population. Harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with the loss of a great life.
Union with Sweden
After Denmark-Norway was attacked by the British Empire at the Battle of Copenhagen, he entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with a war that led to terrible conditions and mass starvation in 1812. When the Danish empire found itself on the losing side in 1814, provisions of the Kiel Treaty, to surrender Norway to the king of Sweden, while the old Norwegian, Iceland, Greenland and Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted the Constitution on the basis of American and French models, and chose the Danish and Norwegian Crown Prince, Christian Frederick, as king on May 17, 1814. This is the famous Syttende Mai (Seventeenth of May) holiday celebrated by Norway and Norwegian-American. Syttende Mai is also called Norwegian Constitution Day .
Norway's opposition to the decision of a major power to connect Norway with Sweden led to the Norwegian-Swedish War breaking out when Sweden attempted to subdue Norway by military means. Because the Swedish military was not strong enough to defeat Norwegian troops directly, and the Norwegian treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and when the British and Russian navies blocked the coast of Norway, the warring parties were forced to negotiate the Moss Convention. Under the terms of the Convention, Christian Frederik submitted the Norwegian throne and authorized the Norwegian Parliament to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for trade unions forced to be accepted by Norway. On November 4, 1814, the Parliament (Storting) chose Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway, thus forming a union with Sweden. Under this arrangement, Norway maintains its liberal constitution and its own independent agency, except for foreign service. After the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars, Norway's economic development remained slow until economic growth began around 1830.
This period also saw the rise of Norwegian romantic nationalism, when the Norwegians sought to define and express different national characters. This movement includes all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland [1808-1845], BjÃÆ'¸rnstjerne BjÃÆ'¸rnson [1832-1910], Peter Christen AsbjÃÆ'¸rnsen [1812-1845], JÃÆ'¸rgen Moe [1813-1882] ), paintings (Hans Gude [1825-1903], Adolph Tidemand [1814-1876]), music (Edvard Grieg [1843-1907]), and even language policies, where attempts to define the original written language for Norway led to two forms officially written today for Norwegian: BokmÃÆ'  ¥ l and Nynorsk.
King Charles III John, who came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818, was the second king after the Norwegian pause from Denmark and union with Sweden. Charles John was a complex man whose long reign extended to 1844. He protected the constitutions and freedoms of Norway and Sweden during the age of Metternich. Thus, he is considered a liberal king for that age. However, he is cruel in the use of paid informants, secret police and restrictions on press freedom to put the public movement for reform - especially the Norwegian national independence movement.
The Romantic Era that followed the reign of King Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 1854, women won the right to inherit their property, just like men. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in underage status was removed. Furthermore, women then qualify for different jobs, especially public school teachers. By mid-century, Norwegian democracy was limited by modern standards: Voting was limited to officials, property owners, rent-holders and unified cities.
However, Norway remains a conservative society. Life in Norway (especially economic life) "is dominated by professional male aristocracy that fills most important positions in the central government". There is no strong bourgeois class in Norway to demand the solving of this economic aristocratic control. Thus, even when the revolution swept most of the European countries in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected by the year's revolt.
Marcus Thrane is a utopian socialist. He made his appeal to the working class urging a change of social structure "from the bottom up." In 1848, he organized a working-class society in Drammen. In just a few months, this community has a membership of 500 and publishes its own newspaper. In two years, 300 communities have been organized across Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 people. Membership is taken from the lower classes of urban and rural areas; for the first time both groups feel the same cause. In the end, the rebellion was easily destroyed; Thrane was arrested and in 1855, after four years in prison, was sentenced to three additional years for crimes against state security. Upon release, Marcus Thrane attempted unsuccessfully to revitalize his movement, but after the death of his wife, he migrated to the United States.
In 1898, all men were granted universal suffrage, followed by all women in 1913.
Dissolution of the union
Christian Michelsen, a king and shipping statesman, and Norwegian Prime Minister from 1905 to 1907, played a central role in the secession of Norwegian peace from Sweden on June 7, 1905. A national referendum confirms people's preference for a monarchy over the republic. No Norwegian can legitimately claim the throne because nothing can prove the connection with the medieval nobility and in the European royal tradition or the "blue" blood is a prerequisite for claiming the throne.
The government offered the Norwegian throne to a prince of the Dano-German royal house, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlÃÆ'¼cksburg. Prince Carl of Denmark was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian Parliament, the first king of Norway fully independent in 508 years (1397: Kalmar Union); he took the name Haakon VII. In 1905, the country welcomed the prince from the neighboring country of Denmark, his wife Maud of Wales and their young son to reestablish the Norwegian royal house. After centuries of close ties between Norway and Denmark, a prince of the latter is a clear choice for most European princes who can relate to the Norwegians.
First and Second World Wars
During World War One, Norway was in principle a neutral country. In fact, however, Norway has been pressured by Britain to surrender an increasingly large share of its large fleet to Britain at low prices, as well as to join the trade blockade against Germany. Norwegian merchant ships, often with Norwegian sailors still on board, then sailed under British flags and at risk of being drowned by German submarines. Thus, many Norwegian sailors and ships disappeared. After that, the world rank of Norwegian merchant navy fell from fourth to sixth place in the world.
Norway also proclaimed its neutrality during the Second World War, but despite this, it was attacked by German forces on 9 April 1940. Although Norway was not ready for the German surprise attacks (see: Battle of DrÃÆ'¸bak Sound, Norwegian Campaign, and Norwegian Invasion), the military and the navy lasted for two months. The Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against German troops in the Battle of Narvik, until they were forced to surrender on June 10 after the loss of British support that had been transferred to France during the German invasion of France.
King Haakon and the Norwegian government fled to Rotherhithe in London. Throughout the war, they sent inspirational radio speeches and supported silent military action in Norway against Germany. On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small Nationalist-Socialist party Nasjonal Samling, Vidkun Quisling, tried to seize power, but was forced by the German invaders to step aside. The real power was mobilized by the leader of the German occupation authority, Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. Quisling, as a presidential minister, then formed a collaborative government under German control. Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in Germany, including the Waffen-SS.
A small proportion of the Norwegian population that supports Germany is traditionally smaller than in Sweden, but larger than is generally appreciated today. This includes prominent figures such as Knut Hamsun. The concept of "Unity of Germany" of member states fits their ideology of truly nationalistic patriotism.
Many Norwegians and people of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces and the Norwegian Free Forces. In June 1940, a small group left Norway following their king to England. This group includes 13 ships, five aircraft, and 500 people from the Royal Norwegian Navy. By the end of the war, troops had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 people serving in the Royal Norwegian Navy, 5 aircraft squadrons (including Spitfires, Sunderland and Mosquitoes) in the newly established Norwegian Air Force, and ground forces including Norwegian Independent Forces 1 and 5 and Command no. 10.
During the five years of German occupation, Norway built a resistance movement that fought German occupation forces with both civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of Norsk Hydro heavy water plants and heavy water supply in Vemork, which paralyzed the German nuclear program (see: heavy water sabotage Norway ). More important to the Allied war effort, however, is the role of Norwegian Marine Merchant. At the time of the invasion, Norway has the fourth largest merchant fleet in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company Nortraship under the Allies during the war and took part in every war operation from Dunkirk evacuation to the Normandy landings. Every December Norway gives Christmas trees to England as a thank-you for British aid during the Second World War. A ceremony took place to establish a tree in Trafalgar Square London.
History of Post-World War II
From 1945 to 1962, the Labor Party held an absolute majority in parliament. The government, led by prime minister Einar Gerhardsen, began a program inspired by the Keynesian economy, emphasizing state-funded industrialization and cooperation between trade unions and employers' organizations. Many of the state's control measures on the economy imposed during the war continued, although the allotment of dairy products was lifted in 1949, while price controls and rationing of housing and automobiles continued through 1960.
The wartime alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the postwar years. Despite the pursuit of socialist economic goals, the Labor Party distanced itself from the Communists (especially after the Communist power struggle in Czechoslovakia in 1948), and strengthened its foreign policy and defense policy relations with the United States. Norway received US Marshall Plan assistance from 1947, joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OEEC) one year later, and became a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949.
The first oil was discovered in the small Balder field in 1967, production only started in 1999. In 1969, Phillips Petroleum Company discovered petroleum resources in the Ekofisk field in western Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government established the state oil company, Statoil. Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investments required to build the state petroleum industry. Around 1975, the proportion and absolute number of industrial workers reached its peak. Since then, labor-intensive industries and services such as mass production and bulk shipments have been largely outsourced.
Norway is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Norway was twice invited to join the EU, but eventually refused to join after a failed referendum with a narrow margin in 1972 and 1994.
In 1981, a Conservative government led by Willoch replaced the Labor Party with a policy of stimulating a stagflated economy with tax cuts, economic liberalization, market deregulation, and measures to curb high inflation (13.6% in 1981).
Norway's first female Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland of the Labor party, continues many reforms from its conservative predecessor while supporting traditional employment issues such as social security, high taxes, natural industrialization, and feminism. In the late 1990s, Norway had repaid its foreign debts and began collecting sovereign wealth funds. Since the 1990s, the divisive question in politics is how much revenue from oil production the government should spend, and how much to save.
In 2011, Norway experienced two terrorist attacks on the same day by Anders Behring Breivik that hit the government quarter in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labor movement on the island of Utaya, leaving 77 dead and 319 wounded.
Norway's parliamentary elections of 2013 brought a more conservative government to power, with the Conservative Party and the Progressive Party winning 43% of voters.
Geography
Norway consists of the western part of Scandinavia in Northern Europe. The bumpy coastline, broken by large fjord and thousands of islands, spans 25,000 kilometers (16,000 mi) and 83,000 kilometers (52,000 mi). Norway shares a land border of 1,619 kilometers (1,006 mi) with Sweden, 727 kilometers (452 ​​euros) with Finland, and 196 kilometers (122 miles) with Russia to the east. In the north, west and south, Norway is bordered by Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, North Sea, and Skagerrak. Scandinavian mountains form many borders with Sweden.
At 385,252 square kilometers (including Svalbard and Jan Mayen) (and 323,802 square kilometers (125,021Ã, sqÃ, mi) without), many countries are dominated by mountains or highlands, with various natural features caused by prehistoric glaciers and topography varies. The most visible of these is the fjord: a deep groove cutting off the land flooded by the sea after the end of the Ice Age. Sognefjorden is the second deepest fjord in the world, and the world's longest in 204 kilometers (127 mi). Hornindalsvatnet is the deepest lake in all of Europe. Permafrost can be found year-round in higher mountain areas and inland areas of Finnmark. Many glaciers are found in Norway.
Norway lies between latitude 57 Â ° and 81 Â ° LU, and longitude 4 Â ° and 32 Â ° E. The land is mostly made of hard granite and gneiss, but slate, sandstone, and limestone are also common , and the lowest elevation contains marine sediments. Due to the Gulf Stream and prevailing western winds, Norway experiences higher temperatures and more than expected rainfall in such northern latitudes, especially along the coast. Mainland experienced four distinct seasons, with winters cooler and less rainfall on land. The northernmost part has Subarctic most of the maritime climate, while Svalbard has an Arctic tundra climate.
Due to the wide latitudinal range in the country and the diverse topography and climate, Norway has a greater number of habitats than most other European countries. There are about 60,000 species in Norway and adjacent waters (excluding bacteria and viruses). The Norwegian Shelf, a great marine ecosystem is considered highly productive.
Climate
The southern and western parts of Norway, completely exposed to the Atlantic storm front, experience more rain and have milder winters than the eastern and far north. The area east of the coastal mountains is in the shadow of rain, and has less rain and snow than the western part. The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest and brighter summers, but also cold weather and snow in the winter.
Due to Norway's high latitudes, there are large seasonal variations during the day. From late May to late July, the sun never fully descends below the horizon in the northern Arctic Circle (hence Norwegian description as "Midnight Sun Land"), and the entire country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day. In contrast, from late November to late January, the sun never rises above the horizon to the north, and daylight is very short across the country.
The coastal climate of Norway is very light compared to areas in the same latitude anywhere else in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly off the coast of the northern Atlantic coast, continuing to heat up the region in the winter. Temperature anomalies found at extraordinary coastal locations, with RÃÆ'¸st and VÃÆ'Â|rÃÆ'¸y winter meteorological shortcomings despite being north of the Arctic Circle. The Gulf Stream has this effect only in northern Norway, not in the south, despite what is generally believed. The northern coast of Norway will be covered with ice if not for the Gulf Stream. As a side effect, the Scandinavian Mountains prevented continental winds from reaching the shoreline, causing a very cold summer throughout the Norwegian Atlantic. Oslo has more continental climate, similar to Sweden. The mountain range has a subarctic climate and tundra. There is also very high rainfall in the Atlantic-affected areas, such as Bergen. Oslo, when compared, is dry, is in the shadow of rain. SkjÃÆ'  ¥ k in Oppland county is also in the shadow of rain and is one of the driest places with 278 millimeters (10.9 inch) rainfall every year. Finnmarksvidda and the interior valleys of Troms and Nordland also receive less than 300 millimeters (12 inches) each year. Longyearbyen is the driest place in Norway with 190 millimeters (7.5 inches).
The southeastern part of Norway including the MjÃÆ'¸sa section has a warm humid summer continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfb), while the southern and western beaches are largely of marine climate (Cfb). Further into the interior of southeastern and northern Norway, the subartica climate (Dfc) predominates; this is especially true for areas in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains. Some of the inner valleys of Oppland get very little rainfall every year, thanks to the effects of rain shadow, that they meet the requirements for dry summer subarctic climate (Dsc). At higher ground, close to the southern and western Norwegian beaches, one can find a rare subcarious sea climate (Cfc). This climate is also common in Northern Norway, but usually at lower altitudes, up to sea level. A small part of the northernmost coast of Norway has a tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET). Most of Norway is covered by mountains and high altitude plateau, many of which also show tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET).
Biodiversity
The total number of species includes 16,000 species of insects (perhaps 4,000 more species unexplained), 20,000 species of algae, 1,800 species of moss, 1,050 species of moss, 2,800 species of vascular plants, up to 7,000 species of fungi, 450 species of birds (250 species nested in Norway) , 90 species of mammals, 45 species of freshwater fish, 150 species of saltwater fish, 1,000 species of freshwater invertebrates, and 3,500 species of saltwater invertebrates. About 40,000 of these species have been described by science. The red list of 2010 includes 4,599 species.
Seventeen species are listed primarily because they are endangered on a global scale, such as European otters, even if populations in Norway are not seen as endangered. The number of threatened and nearly threatened species is equal to 3,682; includes 418 types of fungi, many of which are closely related to the old remaining forest areas, 36 species of birds, and 16 species of mammals. In 2010, 2,398 species were listed as endangered or vulnerable; of these are 1250 listed as vulnerable (VU), 871 as endangered (EN), and 276 species as critically endangered (CR), among which are gray wolves, arctic foxes (healthy population in Svalbard) and pond frogs.
The largest predator in Norwegian waters is sperm whales, and the largest fish are sunbathing sharks. The largest predator on land is the polar bear, while the brown bear is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland. The largest land animal on land is a moose (American English: moose). Deer in Norway is known for its size and strength and is often called koge skogens, the "king of the jungle".
Environment
Dramatic and dramatic landscapes and landscapes are found all over Norway. The west coast of southern Norway and the northern coast of Norway presents the most impressive view of the coastal scenery in the world. National Geographic has listed Norway's fjords as the world's major tourist attraction. The country is also home to the natural phenomenon of the Midnight Sun (during the summer), as well as the Aurora borealis known also as the Northern lights.
The 2016 Environmental Performance Index of Yale University, Columbia University and the World Economic Forum placed Norway in seventeenth place, just below Croatia and Switzerland. This index is based on environmental risks to human health, habitat loss, and changes in CO2 emissions. The index noted excessive exploitation of fisheries, but not whale export or Norwegian exports.
Politics and government
Norway is considered one of the most developed democracies and countries in the world. From 1814, c. 45% of men (25 years and over) have the right to vote, while the UK has c. 20% (1832), Sweden c. 5% (1866), and Belgium c. 1.15% (1840). Since 2010, Norway has been classified as the world's most democratic country by the Democracy Index.
According to the Norwegian Constitution, adopted on 17 May 1814 and inspired by the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the French Revolution of 1776 and 1789, respectively, Norway is a constitutional monarchy of unity with a system of parliamentary government, in which the King of Norway is the head of state and the prime minister is the head government. Power is separated between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, as defined by the Constitution, which serves as the supreme legal document of the state.
The king officially retained the executive power. But after the introduction of the parliamentary system of government, monarchic duties have since become very representative and ceremonial, such as the official appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government. Thus, Monarch is the supreme commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and serves as a major diplomatic officer overseas and as a symbol of unity. Harald V of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlÃÆ'¼cksburg was crowned King of Norway in 1991, the first since the 14th century born in this country. Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, is the rightful heir and entitled to the throne and the Kingdom.
In practice, the Prime Minister exercises executive power. Constitutionally, legislative powers are held by the Norwegian government and Parliament, but the latter are the highest legislative bodies and unicameral bodies. Norway is essentially structured as representative democracy. Parliament may pass a law with a simple majority of 169 representatives, elected by proportional representation of 19 constituents for a four-year term.
150 were directly elected from 19 constituencies, and an additional 19 seats ("leveling chairs") were nationally allocated to make representations in parliament more in line with popular voices for political parties. A 4% election threshold is required for a party to gain seats in Parliament. There are a total of 169 members of parliament.
The Norwegian parliament, called Stortinget (meaning Grand Assembly), ratified a national agreement developed by the executive branch. It can indict members of the government if their actions are declared unconstitutional. If a suspect is accused of impeachment, the Parliament has the power to remove the person from office.
The position of the prime minister, the head of the Norwegian government, is allocated to members of Parliament who can gain majority confidence in Parliament, usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through party coalitions. One party in general lacks sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form self-government. Norway is often ruled by minority governments.
The prime minister nominated the cabinet, traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or party in Storting, who formed the government. The PM governs the executive government and exercises its power as vested by the Constitution. Norway has a state church, the Norwegian Lutheran Church, which in recent years gradually granted internal autonomy in everyday affairs, but still has a special constitutional status. Previously, the PM had to have more than half the cabinet members be members of the Norwegian Church, meaning at least ten of the 19 ministries. But this rule was abolished in 2012. The issue of separation of church and state in Norway has become increasingly controversial, as many believe it's time to change this, to reflect the growing diversity in the population. Part of this is the evolution of Christianity in school subjects, a subject that is required since 1739. Even the state losses in the battle at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg in 2007 did not solve this problem. Since January 1, 2017, the Norwegian Church is a separate legal entity, and is no longer a branch of civil service.
Through the State Council, the secret council headed by the king, the prime minister and the cabinet meet in the Royal Palace and formally consult with Monarch. All government bills require official approval by the king before and after being introduced to Parliament. The Council reviewed and approved all acts of the king as head of state. Although all government and parliamentary measures were decided earlier, the latrine board is an example of the symbolic attitude which the king maintained.
Storting members are elected directly from party party proportional representation in nineteen multi-member constituencies in a multi-party national system. Historically, the Labor Party and the Norwegian Conservative Party played a major political role. At the beginning of the 21st century, Labor has been in power since the 2005 elections, in the Red-Green Coalition with the Socialist Left Party and the Central Party.
Since 2005, both the Conservative Party and the Progress Party have won many seats in Parliament, but not enough in the 2009 election to overthrow the coalition. Commentators have shown poor cooperation between opposition parties, including Liberals and Christian Democrats. Jens Stoltenberg, leader of the Labor Party, continues to have the necessary majority through his multi-party alliance to continue as PM.
In the national elections in September 2013, voters ended the eight years of Labor rule. Two political parties, HÃÆ'¸yre and Fremskrittspartiet, selected on the promise of tax cuts, more spending on infrastructure and education, better services and stricter rules on immigration, form a government. Coming at a time when the Norwegian economy is in good shape with low unemployment, the emerging rights seem to be based on other issues. Erna Solberg became prime minister, second female prime minister after Brundtland and first conservative prime minister since Syse. Solberg said his victory was "a historic election victory for right-wing parties".
Administrative division
Norway, a unitary state, is divided into eighteen first-level administrative districts ( fylke ). The districts are administered through a directly elected regional assembly that elects the County Governor. In addition, the King and the government are represented in each region by fylkesmann, who effectively acts as Governor. Thus, the Government is directly represented at the local level through the offices of the Governor of the Region. The districts were subdivided into 422-second municipalities ( kommuner ), which in turn were managed by a directly elected municipal council, led by a mayor and a small executive cabinet. The capital of Oslo is considered a region and a municipality.
Norway has two integral overseas territories: Jan Mayen and Svalbard, the only island that flourished in the archipelago of the same name, which lies for miles to the north. There are three Antarctic and Subantarctic dependencies: Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land. On most maps, there is an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the South Pole until June 12, 2015 when Norway officially annexed the area.
96 settlements have city status in Norway. In most cases, the borders of the city are bordered by the borders of each municipality. Often, the municipality of the Norwegian city includes a large undeveloped territory; for example, the municipality of Oslo contains large forests, located in the north and south-east of the city, and more than half of the city of Bergen consists of mountainous areas.
The Regency of Norway is:
Justice and enforcement system
Norway uses a civil legal system in which laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system is regulated through the Norwegian Justice Tribunal. It consists of the Supreme Court of 20 permanent judges and the Supreme Court, the appeals court, the city and district courts, and the conciliation council. Independent judiciary of the executive and legislative branches. While the Prime Minister nominates the Chief Justice for office, their nomination must be approved by Parliament and formally confirmed by Monarch in the State Council. Typically, judges bound to regular courts are formally designated by Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Court's strict and formal mission is to regulate the Norwegian judicial system, interpret the Constitution, and apply legislation adopted by Parliament. In his judicial review, he monitors the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they comply with the provisions of the enacted law.
The law is enacted in Norway by the Norwegian Police Agency. It is an Integrated National Police Service consisting of 27 Police Districts and several specialist agencies, such as the Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic Crime and the Environment, known as ÃÆ'ËÅ"kokrim ; and the National Criminal Investigation Service, known as Kripos , each headed by a police chief. The Police Service is led by the National Police Directorate, which reports to the Department of Justice and the Police. The Directorate of Police is led by the National Police Commissioner. The only exception was the Norwegian Police Security Agency, whose heads responded directly to the Ministry of Justice and the Police.
Norway abolished the death penalty for ordinary criminal acts in 1902. The legislative body abolished the death penalty for high treason in war and war crimes in 1979. Reporters Without Borders, in the United Nations Press Freedom Index 2007, placed Norway in the first position ( along with Iceland) from 169 countries.
In general, the legal and institutional framework in Norway is characterized by high levels of transparency, accountability and integrity, and perception and corruption are very low. Norway has ratified all relevant international anti-corruption conventions, and its standards of application and enforcement of anticorruption laws have been highly regarded by many international anti-corruption working groups such as the OECD Anti-Bribery Working Group. However, there are several separate cases which indicate that some municipalities have abused their position in the public procurement process.
The Norwegian prison is humane, not hard, with an emphasis on rehabilitation. At 20%, confidence levels in Norway are among the lowest in the world.
Foreign relations
Norway maintains embassies in 82 countries. 60 countries maintain embassies in Norway, all in the capital, Oslo.
Norway is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Norway issued an application for accession to the European Union (EU) and its respective predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992. While Denmark, Sweden and Finland gained membership, Norwegian voters rejected the accession agreement in referenda in 1972 and 1994.
Following the 1994 referendum, Norway retained its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), an arrangement giving the state access to the Union's internal market, on condition that Norway implement the relevant Union legislation (which is about seven thousand in 2010) since 1994, requested participation in part of the EU cooperation that goes beyond the terms of the EEA agreement. Norway's non-voting participation has been granted in, for example, the Common Union Security and Defense Policy, the Schengen Agreement, and the European Defense Agency, as well as 19 separate programs.
Norway contributes to international development. In addition, he participated in the 1990 negotiations of the Oslo Accords, an attempt to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This did not work.
Military
The Norwegian Armed Forces number approximately 25,000 personnel, including civil servants. According to the 2009 mobilization plan, full mobilization resulted in some 83,000 combatant personnel. Norway has conscription (including 6-12 months training); in 2013, the country became the first in Europe and NATO to design women and men. However, due to the lack of a need for conscription after the Cold War ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union, some people had to serve if they were not motivated. The Armed Forces are under the Norwegian Ministry of Defense. Supreme Commander is King Harald V. The Norwegian military is divided into the following branches: Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Cyber ​​Defense Force Norway and the Front Guard.
In response to Germany's control in 1940, the country was one of the founding countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on April 4, 1949. Norway currently contributes to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. In addition, Norway has contributed to several missions within the context of the United Nations, NATO, and the EU Common Security and Defense Policy.
Health
Norway was awarded the first rank based on the UN Human Development Index (HDI) for 2013. In the 1800s, by contrast, poverty and infectious diseases dominated in Norway along with famine and epidemics. From the 1900s, improvements in public health occurred as a result of development in areas such as social and life conditions, changes in medical diseases and outbreaks, the establishment of health care systems, and an emphasis on public health issues. Vaccination and increased treatment opportunities with antibiotics resulted in major improvements in the Norwegian population. Improved hygiene and better nutrition are factors that contribute to improved health.
The pattern of illness in Norway has changed from infectious disease to non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease. Inequality and social differences still exist in public health in Norway today.
By 2013 the infant mortality rate is 2.5 per 1,000 live births among children under one year of age. For the girl is 2.7 and for boys is 2.3, which is the lowest infant mortality rate for boys ever recorded in Norway.
Economy
The Norwegians enjoy the second highest per capita GDP among nations
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments