The outer space clothing is worn to keep people alive in harsh environments in outer space, vacuum and extreme temperatures. Spaceship is often used inside spacecraft as a safety precaution in case of cabin loss, and is required for extravehicular activity (EVA), work performed outside the spacecraft. The outer space suit has been worn for such work in Earth's orbit, on the surface of the Moon, and on the way back to Earth from the Moon. Modern space suites add basic pressure garments with elaborate equipment systems and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, rejecting the natural tendency of soft pressure garments to fight vacuum. Oxygen supply and complete environmental control systems are often used to allow full freedom of movement, independent of spacecraft.
There are three types of space clothing for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). The IVA clothing is meant to be worn inside the pressurized spacecraft, and is therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA jacks are intended for use inside and outside spacecraft, such as the Gemini G4C suit. They include more protection from harsh space conditions, such as protection from micrometeorites and extreme temperature changes. EVA jets, such as EMUs, are used outside the spacecraft, whether for planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all space conditions, as well as providing mobility and functionality.
Some of these requirements also apply to pressure settings imposed for other special tasks, such as altitude reconnaissance flights. At an altitude above the Armstrong limit, about 19,000 m (62,000 ft), boiling water at body temperature and pressurized suits are required.
The first full pressure setting for use at extreme heights was designed by individual inventors as early as the 1930s. The first space suit worn by humans in space was the Soviet SK-1 suit worn by Yuri Gagarin in 1961.
Video Space suit
Requirements
The space suit must perform several functions to enable the occupants to work safely and comfortably, inside or outside the spacecraft. This should provide:
- Stable internal pressure. It can be less than the Earth's atmosphere, as it usually does not require space to carry nitrogen (which is composed of about 78% of Earth's atmosphere and not used by the body). Lower pressure allows greater mobility, but requires the occupants of the suit to inhale pure oxygen for a while before entering this lower pressure, to avoid decompression.
- Mobility. Movements are usually opposed by the pressure of the lawsuit; mobility is achieved by careful joint design. See the Theory of space suit design section.
- The supply of breathable oxygen and carbon dioxide elimination; these gases are exchanged with the spacecraft or Portable Life Support System (PLSS)
- Temperature settings. Unlike on Earth, where heat can be transferred through convection into the atmosphere, in space, heat can only be lost by heat radiation or conduction to physical objects in contact with the outer part of the suit. Since the temperature outside the setting varies greatly between sunlight and shadow, the setting is very isolated, and the air temperature is maintained at a comfortable level.
- Communications systems, with external electrical connections to spaceships or PLSS
- Means of collection and containing solid and liquid waste (such as Maximum Absorbent Garments)
Secondary requirements
The sophisticated setting further regulates the temperature of astronauts by Liquid Cooling and Garment Ventilation (LCVG) in contact with the astronaut's skin, from which heat is thrown into space via an external radiator in the PLSS.
Additional requirements for EVA include:
- Protects against ultraviolet radiation
- The shield is limited to particle radiation
- Means to maneuver, dock, release, and/or tether to spacecraft
- Protection against small micrometeoroids, some running up to 27,000 kilometers per hour, provided by puncture-resistant Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, which is the outermost layer of the suit. Experience has shown the greatest possibility of exposure occurring near the moon or planet's gravitational field, so this was first used on Apollo EVA lunar clothing (see US suit model below).
As part of the astronautical cleanliness control (ie, protecting astronauts from extreme temperatures, radiation, etc.), Spatial settings are essential for extramobic activities. The Apollo/Skylab A7L suits include eleven layers in all: inner liner, LCVG, pressure bladder, refractory layer, other liner, and Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment consisting of five layers of aluminized insulation and an external white Ortho-Fabric layer. This space suit protects astronauts from temperatures from -156 ° C (-249 ° F) to 121 ° C (250 ° F).
During the exploration of the moon or Mars, there will be potential for moon/Martian dust maintained in the space suit. When spaceship is removed upon return to the spacecraft, there will be potential for dust to contaminate the surface and increase the risk of inhalation and skin exposure. Astronomical hygiene experts are testing materials by reducing dust retention time and the potential to control the risk of dust exposure during planetary exploration. Novel ingress/exit approach, such as suitports, is being explored as well.
In NASA's space suit, communication is provided through a hat worn overhead, which includes earphones and a microphone. Because of the version color used for Apollo and Skylab, which resembles the color of the Snoopy comic character, this hat is known as "Snoopy hat."
Operating pressure
Generally, in order to supply sufficient oxygen for respiration, a space suit using pure oxygen should have a pressure of about 32.4 kPa (240 Torr, 4.7 psi), equal to 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi) partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, plus 5.3 kPa (40Ã, Torr; 0.77Ã, psi) CO
The physical effects of unprotected space exposure
The human body can survive instantly in an unprotected vacuum, although there are contradictory depictions in some popular science fiction. Human flesh expands to twice its size under such conditions, providing the visual effect of the body builder rather than the overflowing balloon. Awareness is maintained for up to 15 seconds as the effect of oxygen starvation. No quick freezing effect occurs because all heat must be lost through thermal radiation or liquid evaporation, and the blood does not boil because it remains pressurized in the body..
In space, there are many very powerful sub-atomic protons that will expose the body to extreme radiation. Although these compounds are small, their high energies can interfere with important physical and chemical processes in the body, such as altering DNA or causing cancer. Radiation exposure can create problems through two methods: particles can react with water in the human body to produce free radicals that break down DNA molecules, or by directly breaking down DNA molecules.
Temperatures in space can vary greatly depending on where the sun is located. The temperature of the solar radiation can reach up to 250 Â ° F (121 Â ° C) and lower to -387 Â ° F (-233 Â ° C). Therefore, space clothing should provide proper isolation and cooling.
The vacuum in space creates zero pressure, causing gas and process in the body to expand. To prevent the chemical processes in the body from overreacting, it is necessary to develop a suit against the pressure in space. The greatest danger is in trying to hold the breath before exposure, because subsequent explosive decompression can damage the lungs. This effect has been confirmed through various accidents (including in very high altitude conditions, outer space and vacuum training space). Human skin need not be protected from vacuum and has a gasproof by itself. Instead, it only needs to be compressed mechanically to maintain its normal shape. This can be achieved with a tight elastic body suit and a helmet for respiratory gas, known as the space activity setting (SAS).
Maps Space suit
Design theory
Spatial settings should allow natural movements unencumbered by the user. Almost all designs try to maintain a constant volume, no matter what movement the wearer does. This is because mechanical work is needed to change the volume of the system of constant pressure. If stretching the joints decreases the volume of the space suit, the astronaut has to do extra work every time he bends the joint, and he must retain the strength to maintain the joint's bending. Even if this power is very small, it can be very tiring to constantly fight against someone's suit. It also makes fine movements very difficult. The work required to bend the joints is determined by the formula
where V i and V f are the respective initial and final volumes of the connection, P is the pressure in the lawsuit, and W is the result of his work. It is generally true that all clothes are more mobile at lower pressures. However, since minimum internal pressure is determined by life support requirements, the only way to reduce work is to minimize volume changes.
All space designs try to minimize or eliminate this problem. The most common solution is to form a lawsuit from multiple layers. The bladder layer is a rubbery, airtight layer like a balloon. The restriction layer runs outside the bladder, and gives a special shape to the suit. Because the bladder layer is larger than the curb layer, the restraint takes all the pressure caused by the pressure inside the suit. Because the bladder is not under pressure, it will not "erupt" like a balloon, even if punctured. The restrained layer is shaped so that the bending of the joint causes cloth bags, called "wounds," to open on the outside of the joint, while the folds called "twist" fold inside the joint. Scratches make up for the lost volume inside the joints, and keep the setting at almost constant volume. However, after an open wound, the joints can not be bent further without much work.
In some Russian space suits, strips of cloth wrapped tightly around the arms and legs of cosmonauts outside the space suit to stop the space suit from the balloon while in space.
The outermost layer of the space suit, Thermal Micrometeoril Garments, provides thermal insulation, protection from micrometeoroids, and protects against harmful solar radiation.
There are four theoretical approaches that fit the design:
Subtle settings
Soft clothes are usually mostly made of cloth. All soft clothes have some difficult parts, some even have hard joint pads. Intra-vehicle activity and early EVA clothing are soft clothes.
Hard-shell suit
Hard-shell suit is usually made of metal or composite material and does not use fabric for connection. The hard-suit joints use ball bearings and a wedge-like segment similar to elbow stove furnaces that can be adjusted to allow for various movements with arms and legs. The joints keep the air volume constant internally and have no counter power. Therefore, astronauts do not have to force to hold a suit in any position. The hard suit can also operate at higher pressures which would eliminate the need for astronauts to inhale oxygen to use a 34 kPa (4.9 psi) space suit before EVA from the spacecraft cabinets 101Ã, kPa (14.6 psi). The joints can fit into limited or locked positions that require astronauts to manipulate or program the connection. The NASA Ames Research Center experimental AX-5 hard-shell space suit has a 95% flexibility rating. The wearer can move to 95% of the positions he can when naked.
Hybrid outfit
Hybrid outfits have hard shell parts and fabric parts. The NASA Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) uses Fiberglass Hard Upper Torso (HUT) and legs. ILC Dover I-The suit replaces HUT with a soft upper body cloth to save weight, limiting the use of hard components on joint bearings, helmets, waist seals, and rear entrances. Nearly all workable suiting room suits incorporate hard components, especially on interfaces such as waist seals, bearings, and in the case of back-entrance clothes, back hooks, where all soft alternatives are not feasible.
Skintight settings
The skintight suit, also known as a mechanical counterpressure suit or space activity suit, is a proposed design that will use heavy body elastic buildup to squeeze the body. The head in the helmet is pressurized, but other parts of the body are only pressurized by the elastic effect of the suit. This reduces the problem of constant volume, reduces the possibility of depressuration of space settings and provides a very light setting. When not in use, elastic clothing may look like a clothing for a small child. These clothes may be very difficult to wear and face problems with uniform pressure. Most proposals use natural body sweat to keep cool. Sweat evaporates quickly in a vacuum and can leave or store nearby objects: optics, sensors, astronaut visors, and other surfaces. Layers of ice and residual sweat can contaminate sensitive surfaces and affect optical performance.
Donate technology
Previous related technologies include gas masks used in World War II, the oxygen masks used by high-flying bomber pilots in World War II, the high or high velocities required by Lockheed U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird pilots, wetsuits, rebreather, scuba diving equipment, and more.
Many spaceship designs are taken from US Air Force suits, designed to work in "high altitude aircraft [s]," such as the Mercury IVA or Gemini G4C suits, or Advanced Girl Runaway Apparel.
Gloves Technology
Mercury IVA, the first US space design, incorporates lights at the tip of the glove to provide visual aid. When the need for extravehicular activity grows, clothing such as Apollo A7L includes gloves made of metal cloth called Chromel-r to prevent puncture. To maintain a touch of better touch for the astronauts, the fingertips of the gloves are made of silicone. With the shuttle program, it becomes necessary to be able to operate the spacecraft module, so ACES is fit to be gripped gloves. The EMU gloves, used for spacewalks, are heated to keep the astronaut's hands warm. The Phase VI gloves, intended for use with the Mark III suit, are the first gloves designed with "laser scanning technology, 3D computer modeling, stereo lithography, laser cutting technology, and CNC machining." This allows for cheaper, more accurate production, as well as increased detail in joint mobility and flexibility.
Life Support Technology
Prior to the Apollo mission, life support in space clothing is connected to the space capsule via umbilical cord devices. However, with Apollo's mission, life support is configured into a removable capsule called Portable Life Support System that allows astronauts to explore the moon without having to cling to the spacecraft. The EMU agile space, used for space, allows astronauts to manually control the settings' internal environment. Jas Mark III has a backpack containing about 12 pounds of liquid air, as well as pressure and heat exchange.
Helmet Technology
Several companies and universities are developing technologies and prototypes that represent improvements over the current space settings.
Astronaut Sarong Challenge
There are certain difficulties in designing tight spatial gloves and there are limitations to the current design. For this reason, Astronaut Centennial Glove Challenge was created to build better gloves. Competitions have been held in 2007 and 2009, and others are planned. The 2009 contest requires that gloves be covered with a layer of micro-meteorites.
Aouda.X
Since 2009, the Austrian Space Forum has developed "Aouda.X", an experimental Mars space suite suit that focuses on advanced human-machine interfaces and on-board computing networks to increase situational awareness. The suit is designed to study the contamination vectors in the planet's exploratory analog environment and create limitations depending on the chosen pressure regime for the simulation.
Since 2012, for the Mars2013 analogue mission by the Austrian Space Forum to Erfoud, Morocco, the Aouda analogue room suit.X has a sister in the form of Aouda.S. This is a slightly less sophisticated suit meant primarily to aid Aouda operation.X and can study the interaction between two astronauts (analog) with similar outfits.
Aouda.X and Aouda.S space suits are named after the fictitious daughter of Jules Verne novel in 1873 Worldwide in Eighty Days and can be followed on Facebook. A public mock-up of Aouda.X (called Aouda.D) is currently on display at the Dachstein Ice Cave in Obertraun, Austria, after an experiment was conducted there in 2012.
Bio-Suit
Bio-Suit is a space activity suit that is being developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which in 2006 comprised several prototypes of the lower legs. Bio-suit is a special outfit for every wearer, using a laser body scan.
Constellation Room Settings System
On August 2, 2006, NASA indicated plans to issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design, development, certification, production and maintenance of the Space Suit Constellation technique to meet the needs of the Constellation Program. NASA foresees a lawsuit capable of supporting: survival during launch, entry and abort; zero-gravity gravity; EVA lunar surface; and the surface of Mars EVA.
On June 11, 2008, NASA awarded a $ 745 million contract to Oceaneering International to create a new space suit.
Frontline Design Final IVA Space Suit
Final Frontier Design (FFD) developed a full IVA commercial space suit, with their first suit completed in 2010. The FFD outfit is intended as a lightweight, highly mobile, and inexpensive space suit. Since 2011, FFD has improved the design, hardware, process, and ability of the IVA suit. FFD has built a total of 7 IVA spatial assemblies (2016) for various institutions and customers since its inception, and has been conducting high fidelity human tests in simulators, aircraft, mikrogravitasi, and hipobarik space. The FFD has a Space Law Agreement with the NASA Space Office to develop and implement the Human Ranking Plan for the FFD IVA suit. FFD categorizes their IVA clothing according to their mission: Terra for Earth-based testing, Stratos for high altitude flight, and Exos for orbital space flight. Each setting category has different requirements for manufacturing controls, validation, and materials, but has a similar architecture.
I-Suit
I-Suit is a prototype outdoor shirt which is also built by ILC Dover, which incorporates several design improvements over the EMU, including the soft top body. Both Mark III and I-Suit have taken part in NASA's annual Research and Technology Research (G-ROT) research study, where suit occupants interact with each other, and with inventors and other equipment.
Mark III
Mark III is a NASA prototype, built by ILC Dover, which incorporates a hard lower body part and a mixture of soft and hard components. Mark III is significantly more mobile than the previous suit, despite its high operating pressure (57 kPa or 8.3 psi), which makes it a "zero-prebreathe" suit, meaning that the astronaut will be able to transition directly from one atmosphere, gas-mixtures, such as those in the International Space Station, for that suit, without the risk of decompression diseases, which can occur with rapid depresurization of atmospheres containing nitrogen or other inert gases.
MX-2
MX-2 is a space analogue built at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Laboratory. MX-2 is used for neutral buoyancy testing at the Neutral Space Lab Apparatus Research Facility. By approaching the original EVA suiting work envelope, without meeting the requirements of the flight-grade setting, the MX-2 provides a low-cost platform for EVA research, compared to using EMU settings at facilities such as NASA's Neutral Floating Laboratory.
MX-2 has an operating pressure of 2.5-4 psi. This is the rear entry setting, featuring a fiberglass anniversary. Water, LCVG cooling water, and electricity are open loop systems, provided through umbilicals. The lawsuit contained a mini Mac computer for capturing sensor data, such as appropriate pressure, incoming and outgoing air temperatures, and heart rate. Adjustable adjustable elements and adjustable ballasts allow the setting to accommodate subjects that have height ranging from 68 to 75 inches (170-190 cm), and weigh 120 pounds (54 kg).
North Dakota Settings
Beginning in May 2006, five North Dakota colleges collaborated on a new space prototype, funded by a $ 100,000 grant from NASA, to demonstrate technologies that can be incorporated into planetary clothing. The suit was tested in the ruins of Theodore Roosevelt National Park west of North Dakota. The suit weighs 47 pounds (21 kg) without supporting backpacks, and costs just a fraction of the standard $ 12 million USD charges for NASA's flight suit. The lawsuit was developed in just one year by students from North Dakota State, North Dakota State, Dickinson State, State College of Science and Turtle Mountain Community College. Mobility of the North Dakota suit can be attributed to its low operating pressure; while the North Dakota suit is tested in the field with a pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa; 52Ã, Torr) differential, the NASA EMU suit operates at a pressure of 4.7 psi (32 kPa, 240 Torr), pressure designed to supply around sea-pressure partial oxygen partially for respiration (see discussion above).
PXS
NASA's eXploration Suit prototype (PXS), like the Z-series, is a backpack setting compatible with suitports. The lawsuit has components that can be printed 3D during missions to various specifications, to suit different individuals or changing mobility needs.
SpaceX spacesuit
In February 2015, SpaceX began developing spaceship suits for use by personal astronauts for use in the Dragon V2 space capsule. The first pictures of the lawsuit were revealed in September 2017. The mannequin wore the SpaceX space suit during the Falcon Heavy prime launch in February 2018. According to Musk, the SpaceX suit is intended for the intended use of intravehicular activity (type IVA). to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft. For the launch of this exhibition, the clothes are not pressurized and carry no censorship.
Suitports
A suitport is a theoretical alternative to airlock, designed for use in hazardous environments and in outer space, especially exploration of planetary surfaces. In the suitport system, the rear-rear setting is installed and sealed outside the spacecraft, allowing astronauts to enter and seal the suit, then resume EVA, without the need for airlock or depressurizing the spacecraft cabin.. Suitports require less mass and volume than airlocks, provide dust mitigation, and prevent cross-contamination from the inside and outside environments. The patent for the suitport design was filed in 1996 by Philip Culbertson Jr. of the NASA Ames Research Center and in 2003 by Joerg Boettcher, Stephen Ransom, and Frank Steinsiek.
Z-series
In 2012, NASA introduced the Z-1 spaceman, the first in a Z-series space prototype designed by NASA specifically for the extrave activity of the planet. The Z-1 lawsuit includes an emphasis on mobility and protection for space missions. It features a soft body versus a hard torso seen in NASA's earlier NASA space spaces, which provide reduced mass. It has been labeled "Buzz lightyear suit" because of the green lines for the design.
In 2014, NASA released the design for the Z-2 prototype, the next model in the Z-series. NASA conducted a poll asking the public to decide the design for SpaceX Z-2. Designs made by fashion students from the University of Philadelphia, are "Technology", "Trends in Society", and "Biomimicry." Design "Technology" wins, and prototypes are built with technologies such as 3D printing. The Z-2 setting will also be different from the Z-1 setting in which the torso goes back to the hard shell, as seen in the NASA EMU suit.
In fiction
The oldest space fiction ignores the problem of traveling through a vacuum, and launches heroes through space without special protection. However, in the 19th century, a more realistic fictional space brand emerged, in which the authors tried to describe or describe the space suits worn by their characters. These fictitious outfits vary in appearance and technology, and range from the most authentic to the utterly impossible.
An initial fictional report on space clothing can be seen in Garrett P. Serviss's novel Edison's Conquest of Mars (1898). Later comic book series such as Buck Rogers (1930s) and Dan Dare (1950s) also featured their own suiting room designs. Sci-fi writers such as Robert A. Heinlein contributed to the development of the concept of a fictional space suit.
See also
- Spaceflight effect on the human body
- List of extravehicular activities:
- In the times:
- List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965-1999
- List of spacewalks 2000-2014
- By station:
- List of Mir spacewalks
- List of Spacewalks International Space Station
- List of cumulative spatial records
- In the times:
- Maneuvered Units
References
Bibliography
External links
Media related to the Space outfit on Wikimedia Commons
- "Spacesuits" in A Field Guide to American Spacecraft. The list compiled by Lee Sledge and James H. Gerard of American space suits and the location of the museum in which they are displayed.
- "Space Suits" in Encyclopedia Astronautica. Full list of outer space clothing.
- Russian space shirt in Zvezda NPP
- "Spacesuit" (in Russian) English by G. Ilyin, Vladimir Ivanov, and Ivan Pavlov. Originally published by Nauka i Zhizn , No. 6, 1978.
- "US Space Space History" at Johnson Space Center See links near the final page for Walk to Olympus: An EVA Chronology (PDF).
- Online NASDA Space Record in the National Aeronautics Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (2001)
- "Analysis of Mobility Units of Extra Space Transfers - 1986" (PDF)
- "EVASA Space Shuttle reference and reference tools - 1993" (PDF)
- "Custom-tailored Custom Space Evolution to Off-the-Rack (PDF)
- "Aspects of Apollo Technique" in Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. Sections on Apollo room settings and Portable Life Support System.
- "Space Photos" on the Historical Space Shuttle
- "Spacesuit and Spacewalk History Gallery" at NASA
- Zvezda history (in Russian) English
- "EVA Space Suits" in ILC Dover
- Klesius, Michael (June 10, 2009). "Clothes of the Past Space and the Future". AirSpaceMag.com . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 20, 2013 . Ã,
- In April 2011, the VOA Special English Voice of America service broadcasts a 15-minute program on the evolution of outer space clothing. Transcripts and MP3s from this program, intended for English learners, can be found on "The Evolution of Spacesuits".
- "Helmet Oddity" on YouTube (03:27)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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