Gender change is the process by which a person or animal changes the gender - that is, where female sexual characteristics are changed for men, or vice versa. Sex changes can occur naturally, as in the case of sequential hermaphroditism observed in some species. Most commonly, however, the term is used for sex change therapy, including sex-change operations, performed on humans. Sometimes it is also used for medical procedures applied to intersex people. The term can also be applied to the process of changing the broader gender role ("living as a woman" rather than living as a man, or vice versa), including but not necessarily limited to medical procedures.
Video Sex change
Natural gender changes
In animals
Some species exhibit sequential hermaphroditism. In this species, like many species of reef fish, the change of sex is a normal anatomical process. Clown fish, rivetfish, moray eels, gobies and other fish species are known to change sex, including reproductive function. A clown fish school is always built into the hierarchy with the female fish at the top. When he dies, the most dominant man changes sex and takes his place. In the gutter (the Labridae family), the sex change is from female to male, with the largest female of the harem turning into a male and taking over the harem over the loss of the predominant male before.
Natural sex changes, in both directions, have also been reported on mushroom corals. This is assumed to occur in response to environmental or energy constraints, and to enhance the evolutionary fitness of the organism; Similar phenomena are observed in some dioecious plants.
Chickens can sometimes experience natural sex changes. Usually, the hen has only one functional ovary, on the left side. Although two sex organs are present during the embryonic stages of all birds, once the female hormone of the chicken starts to prevail, it usually only develops in the left ovary. The right gononad, which has not been defined as an ovary, testicle, or both (called ovotestis), usually remains inactive. Certain medical conditions may cause the left ovary of the chickens to decline. In the absence of a functional left ovary, the inactive right sex organs may begin to grow, if the activated right gonad is an ovotestis or testicle, it begins to secrete androgens. However, the hen does not completely turn into a rooster. This transition is limited to male phenotypic bird making. This condition can also be caused by mycotoxins that can develop when cattle feed is stored, and this has the same effect as synthetic hormones. About 10 percent of cases, if the egg is fertilized with a male chromosome cooled by some degree for three days after egg-laying, the relative activity of sex hormones will support the development of female characteristics. The sex chromosomes work by encoding an enzyme that affects the development of birds in the egg and during its lifetime. This cooling will result in a fully functional and reproductive female body of chickens; although chickens are genetically male.
In humans
Some medical conditions can produce natural sex changes in humans, where appearance at birth is somewhat, mostly, or fully of one sex, but changes over the course of a lifetime become somewhat, mostly or entirely of the other sex. The majority of natural sex changes stem from the appearance of women at birth to male appearance after puberty, due to a 5-alpha-reductase (5alpha-RD-2) deficiency or 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (17beta-HSD-3). A small number of male changes to women have been reported, and this etiology is not well understood.
Genetic women (with two X chromosomes) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia do not have the enzymes needed by the adrenal gland to make the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. Without these hormones, the body produces more androgens. This causes male sex characteristics to appear earlier (or incorrectly).
Genetic men (with one X and one Y chromosome) with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) are resistant to androgens. As a result, the person has some or all of the physical characteristics of a woman, despite having a male genetic makeup. The level of sexual ambiguity varies greatly in people with incomplete AIS. Incomplete AIS may include other disorders such as Reifenstein syndrome associated with breast development in men.
Maps Sex change
Sex change as a medical procedure
Humans are generally said to have "sex changes" when they undergo genital replacement therapy, a series of medical procedures performed by transsexual people to change their sexual characteristics from male to female or from woman to man. The term may also refer specifically to genital switch operations, which usually refer only to genital surgery. The term is also sometimes used for intersex medical procedures of persons undergoing, or, more often, subjected as children.
The term "sex change" is sometimes also used for the whole process of gender role change ("living as a woman" rather than living as a man, or vice versa), not limited to medical procedures. (This process is often far more important for transgender people than the medical procedure itself, although medically induced changes and operations may be necessary to make gender roles change possible, both socially and legally, they can also have a very significant impact on one's well-being.)
Many people consider the term "gender change" to be inaccurately factual. Sex in humans is usually determined by four factors:
- Chromosomes
- Gonad (Ovary and/or testis)
- Hormone status
- Characteristics of primary sex, sometimes also secondary sex characteristics
Not all of these factors can be changed:
- Chromosomes can not be changed.
- Gonads can be deleted, but not replaced The
- Hormone status can be changed
- There are secondary characteristics of sex that can be changed; which already exists largely through surgery, which nothing can be induced to grow through hormones For example: Changing male genital anatomy to a good or even excellent female appearance with complicated functions, but very likely; change the female genital anatomy into men who look quite male but are very complicated and do not work very often; function is always limited.
Reassignment of gender is usually preceded by a feminization or masculinization period. This is achieved through hormone replacement therapy, in which, for those who switch to women, estrogen and antiandrogen and sometimes progestogen is prescribed. For those who switch to men, androgens are prescribed. The minimum waiting period most commonly prior to genital change operation is two years, as determined by the Treatment Standards for Transsexual, Transgender, and Genital Health Unsuitable. Hormone replacement therapy usually begins after adequate counseling, and/or after a 'full-time' period (within the target gender) usually for a minimum of six months. These waiting periods may vary depending on local regulations, and sometimes none. Many trans men become medical tourists, because sex-change operations are usually cheaper, less regulated, and sometimes performed by more experienced surgeons in countries such as Thailand.
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External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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