oral hygiene is the practice of keeping a person's mouth clean and free from illness and other problems (eg bad breath) by brushing and cleaning regularly between teeth. It is important that oral hygiene is done regularly to allow for the prevention of dental disease. The most common types of dental diseases are tooth decay ( cavity , dental caries ) and gum disease, including gingivitis, and periodontitis. Brushing regularly consists of brushing twice daily: after breakfast and before bedtime. Cleaning between teeth is called an interdental cleansing and is just as important as brushing your teeth. This is because the toothbrush can not reach between the teeth and therefore only cleans 50% of the surface. There are many tools to clean between teeth, including floss, flossettes, and interdental brushes. It's up to each individual to choose the tool he prefers to use.
Video Oral hygiene
Dental
Tooth decay is the most common global disease. More than 80% of cavities occur in the gap in the tooth where toothbrushing can not reach the remaining food trapped after feeding and saliva and fluoride have no access to neutralize the acid and remineralization of the demineralised tooth, unlike the parts of the teeth that are easy to clean, where fewer cavities.
Tooth cleaning is the removal of dental and tartar plaque from teeth to prevent cavities, gingivitis, gum disease, and tooth decay. Severe gum disease causes at least one-third of adult tooth loss.
Since before recorded history, various oral hygiene measures have been used to clean teeth. It has been verified by excavations conducted around the world, where chewing sticks, tree branches, bird feathers, animal bones and quills of hedgehogs have been found. In ancient times, various forms of dental cleansers have been used. Indian medicine (Ayurveda) has used neem trees, or daatun , and its products to create teeth cleaning out twigs and similar products; a person chews one end of a neem twig until it somewhat resembles a toothbrush, and then uses it to brush his teeth. In the Muslim world, miswak, or siwak , made of twigs or roots, has antiseptic properties and has been widely used since the Islamic Golden Age. Rubbing baking soda or lime to teeth is also common; However, this can have negative side effects over time.
The Australian Healthcare and Hospital Association's (AHHA) shortest evidence) shows that dental examinations should be done once every 3 years for adults, and 1 every 2 years for children. It has been documented that dentists often recommend visits more frequently, but these suggestions are contraindicated by evidence suggesting that the frequency of examination should be based on individual risk factors, or AHHA examination schedule. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, dental polishing, and, if tartar has been accumulated, debridement; this is usually followed by fluoride treatment. However, the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) stated in 1998 that there was no evidence that scaling and polishing just above the gums gave therapeutic value, and cleaning should also be done under the gums. The Cochrane Oral Health Group found only three studies that met the inclusion criteria in their study and found little evidence in it to support the beneficial claims of supragingival (above-gum) tooth scale or tooth polishing.
Dental sealants, which are applied by the dentist, cover and protect the cracks and grooves on the rear teeth surfaces that chew, preventing food trapped to stop the process of decay. The elastomeric strip has been shown to force the sealant deeper inside the opposite chewing surfaces and can also force fluoride toothpaste inside the chewing surfaces to assist in remineralising the demineral tooth.
Between cleaning by a dental hygienist, good oral hygiene is essential to prevent the tartar buildup that causes the above mentioned problems. It is done with caution, often brushing teeth with a toothbrush, combined with the use of dental floss or interdental brush to prevent the accumulation of plaque on the teeth. Powerful toothbrushes reduce dental plaque and gingivitis over manual brushing in the short and long term. Further evidence is needed to determine the clinical importance of these findings.
Patients should be aware of the importance of brushing their teeth and cleaning their teeth every day. New parents need to be educated to promote healthy habits in their children.
Plaque
Dental plaque, also known as dental biofilm, is a sticky, yellow film consisting of various bacteria attached to the tooth surface and can be seen around the gum line. It begins to reappear once the tooth surface is cleaned, which is why regular brushing is recommended. A high sugar diet encourages plaque formation. Sugar (carbohydrates that can be fermented), converted to acid by plaque. The acid then causes an adjacent tooth splitting, which eventually causes tooth decay.
If plaque is left on the surface of the subgingiva (below the gums) undisturbed, there is not only an increased risk of tooth decay, but will also continue to irritate the gums and make them appear red and swollen. Some bleeding may be seen during tooth brushing or flossing. These are signs of inflammation that indicate poor gum health (gingivitis).
Calculus
The longer the plaque is on the tooth surface, the harder and more attached to the tooth. That's when it's called calculus and needs to be removed by a dental professional. If this is not treated, the inflammation will cause bone loss and will eventually cause the affected tooth to become loose.
Toothbrush
Brushing your teeth regularly is the main method of preventing many mouth diseases, and perhaps the most important activity an individual can take to reduce the buildup of plaque. Controlling plaque reduces the risk of individuals suffering from plaque-related diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and caries - the three most common oral diseases. The average brushing time for an individual is between 30 seconds and just over 60 seconds. Many oral health care experts agree that tooth brushing should be done for at least two minutes, and done at least twice a day. Brushing at least two minutes per session is optimal for preventing the most common mouth disease, and eliminating much more plaque than brushing for just 45 seconds
Toothbrushing can only clean up to a depth of about 1.5 mm in gingival pockets, but a continuous plaque removal system above the gum line can affect the microbial ecology under the gums and can reduce the number of pathogens in the bag to 5 mm in depth.
Toothpaste (toothpaste) with fluoride is an important tool that is ready to use when brushing your teeth. Fluoride in toothpaste is an important protective factor for caries, and important supplements are needed to remineralize affected emails. However, in terms of preventing gum disease, the use of toothpaste does not increase the effectiveness of activity with respect to the amount of plaque removed.
Manual toothbrush
A modern manual toothbrush is a tooth tool consisting of nylon fur heads attached to a long grip to help facilitate manual brushing action. Furthermore, the handle helps in reaching as far as the teeth explode in the oral cavity. This toothbrush is arguably one of the best tools to remove dental plaque from teeth, thus preventing all plaque-related diseases if used routinely, correctly and effectively. Oral health experts recommend the use of a toothbrush with a small head and soft fur because they are most effective at removing plaque without damaging the gums.
This technique is very important for the effectiveness of tooth brushing and disease prevention. Toggling brushing teeth is not effective in removing plaque in the gum line. Brushing teeth should use a systematic approach, angle the feathers at an angle of 45 degrees toward the gums, and make small circular motions at that angle. This action increases the effectiveness of techniques in removing plaque in the gum line.
Electric toothbrush
An electric toothbrush is a toothbrush with a head that can move or vibrate. The two main types of electric toothbrushes are the sonic type which has a vibrating head, and an oscillating spinning type in which the feather head makes the movement clockwise and counterclockwise.
Sonic or ultrasonic toothbrushes vibrate at high frequencies with small amplitude, and turbulent fluid activity that helps remove plaque. This type of spinning can reduce plaque and gingivitis compared with manual brushing, although it is uncertain whether this is clinically meaningful. The movement of feathers and vibrations helps break down the bacterial chain by 5 mm below the gum line. The oscillating electric toothbrush spins on the other side using the same mechanical action as produced by manual brushing - removing plaque through mechanical disturbances from the biofilm - but at higher frequencies.
Using an electric toothbrush is less complex in terms of brushing techniques, making it a viable option for children, and adults with limited dexterity. The head of the feather should be guided from the teeth to the teeth slowly, following the contours of the gums and crowns of teeth. Movement of the toothbrush head eliminates the need to rotate the brush or create a circle manually.
Flossing
Brushing your teeth alone will not remove plaque from all tooth surfaces because 40% of the surface is interdental. One technique that can be used to access this area is dental floss. When appropriate techniques are used, flossing removes plaque and food particles from between the teeth and under the gums, The American Dental Association (ADA) reports that up to 80% of plaque can be removed by this method. ADA recommends cleaning between teeth as part of a person's daily oral hygiene regime.
There are different types of yarns available, including:
- Unwrapped thread: Unbound nylon thread spread over teeth. Placards and debris are trapped for easy removal.
- Wax floss: less vulnerable to tearing or tearing when used between tight contacts or areas with overhanging restorations.
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon): Easy to glide through tight contact and no mess.
The type of thread used is personal preference, but without proper techniques it may be ineffective. The correct technique for ensuring maximum plaque removal is as follows:
- The length of the yarn: 15-25 cm wrapped around the middle finger.
- For upper teeth hold the thread with your thumb and forefinger, for the lower teeth with both index fingers. Make sure that the length is about an inch left between the fingers.
- Lightly floss the yarn between teeth using forward and backward motions.
- Position the floss so that it wraps around the interdental surface of the tooth in C form safely.
- Make sure that the thread is taken under the gum margin using forward and backward motion.
There are several different options in the market that can make flossing easier if dexterity or coordination is a barrier, or as a preference over normal threads. Floss threaders are ideal for cleaning between orthodontic appliances, and flossetts are ideal for those with poor agility.
Interdental brush
Interdental brushes have different sizes of color codes. They consist of a handle with a piece of wire covered with tapered feathers, designed to be placed into an interdental space to remove plaque. Studies show that the interdental brush is the same or more effective then floss when removing plaque and reducing gum inflammation.
The steps in using an interdental brush are as follows:
- Identify the required size, largest size fit without ideal coercion. Often more than one size is required in the mouth.
- Insert a sphere into the interdental space at a 90-degree angle.
- Move the brush back and forth between the teeth.
- Rinse under water to remove debris if necessary.
- Rinse with warm soapy water when done, and store in a clean dry area.
- Replace one feather.
Tongue Scrap
Tongue contains many bacteria that cause bad breath. Tongue cleanser is designed to remove any residual impurities on the tongue. Using a toothbrush to cleanse the tongue is another possibility, but it may be difficult to reach the back of the tongue and the toothbrush hair may be too soft to remove the dirt. Some may find it easier to use tongue scraper instead because it does not tend to cause vomiting reflexes just like a toothbrush. Steps using tongue scraper:
- Rinse the tongue scraper to clean it and remove any existing debris
- Start from behind the tongue and swipe forward gently
- Make sure to clean the side of the tongue as well, not just the center
- After the cleaning is done, rinse the tongue scraper and all the dirt left behind
- Rinse mouth
Irregular oral
Some dental experts recommend subgingival irrigation as a way to clean teeth and gums.
Single tufted brush
Single tufted brush is a tool in conjunction with brushing your teeth. Toothbrush is designed to achieve 'hard to reach' in the mouth. This tool is best used behind the lower front teeth, behind the back molar, crooked teeth and between the space where the tooth has been removed. The single tufted brush design has a sloping handle, a diameter of 4mm and a round feather tip.
Maps Oral hygiene
Food and drink
Foods that help muscles and bones also help teeth and gums. Vitamin C is necessary for healthy gums, to prevent scabies.
Eating a balanced diet and limiting snacks can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease. The FDI World Dental Federation (FDI) has promoted foods like raw vegetables, beneficial yogurt, cheese, or fruit - these have been voiced by the American Dental Association. (THERE IS).
Useful foods
Community water fluoride is the addition of fluoride to adjust the natural fluoride concentration of the community water supply to the recommended level for optimal dental health, about 1.0 ppm (parts per million). Fluoride is the main protector against cavities. Fluoride makes the tooth surface more resistant to acid during the remineralization process. Drinking fluoride water is recommended by some dental experts while others say that using toothpaste alone is enough. Milk and cheese are also rich in calcium and phosphate, and may also encourage remineralization. High-fiber foods can help improve the flow of saliva and fiber boluses like celery strings can force saliva into food trapped in holes and crevices on chewing surfaces where more than 80% of cavities occur, to dilute carbohydrates such as sugar, neutralize acid and tooth remasterisation on easily accessible surfaces.
Dangerous Food
Sugar is usually associated with cavities. Other carbohydrates, especially cooked starch, such as potato chips, can also damage teeth, albeit to a lesser extent (and indirectly) because the starch should be converted into glucose by salivary amylase (enzyme in saliva) first. Higher sugars in the sticky index, such as toffee, tend to cause more damage to the teeth than the lower in the sticky index, such as certain chocolate forms or most of the fruit.
Sucrose (table sugar) is most often associated with cavities. The amount of sugar consumed at all times is less important than how often foods and beverages containing sugar are consumed. The more often you consume sugar, the greater the time your teeth are exposed to low pH levels, where demineralization occurs (below 5.5 for most people). It is therefore important to try to encourage the consumption of foods and drinks that contain infrequent sugars so that the teeth have a chance to be repaired by remineralization and fluoride. Restricting foods and drinks that contain sugar until meal time is one way to reduce the incidence of cavities. Sugar from fruit and fruit juices, for example, glucose, fructose, and maltose can also cause cavities.
Sucrose is used by Streptococcus mutans bacteria to produce biofilms. Sucrose is broken down by glucanutrase, which allows bacteria to use the glucose produced to build the polymer film of glucan and fructose produced as a fuel to be converted to lactic acid.
The acids contained in fruit juices, vinegar and soft drinks lowered the pH level of the oral cavity causing the enamel to be demineralized. Drinking beverages such as orange or cola juice throughout the day pose a very perforated cavity risk.
Another factor that affects the risk of developing cavities is the stickiness of food. Some foods or sweets may stick to teeth and reduce the pH in the mouth for a long time, especially if they are sweet. It is important that the tooth is cleaned at least twice a day, preferably with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, to remove food attached to the tooth. Brushing your teeth regularly and using dental floss also removes dental plaques that line the tooth surface.
Chewing gum
Chewing gum helps oral irrigation between and around the teeth, cleaning and removing particles, but for the tooth in bad condition it can damage or eliminate loose fillings as well. Sugar chewing teeth claim to improve dental health. Sugar-free gum stimulates the production of saliva, and helps clean the tooth surface.
Ice
When it comes to chewing ice, many may think it will not harm because the ice is made of water. However, chewing solid objects such as ice can have disastrous consequences for your teeth. Chipping can occur and this can lead to more fracture of the tooth in the future. Chewing ice has been associated with anemia symptoms. People with anemia tend to want to eat foods with no nutritional value.
Alcohol
Drinking dark drinks like wine or beer can stain teeth that lead to a discolored smile. Drinking alcohols with high concentrations can cause dry mouth, with less saliva to protect teeth from plaque and bacteria.
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Smoking is one of the major risk factors associated with periodontal disease. It is thought that smoking damages and alters the normal immune response, generating a destructive process while inhibiting a reparative response that promotes the incidence and progression of periodontal disease.
Ordinary vomiting, as seen in bulimia nervosa and morning sickness also causes significant damage, due to acid erosion.
Mouthwash
There are three types of commonly used mouthwash: salt (salt water), essential oils (Listerine, etc.), and chlorhexidine gluconate.
Saline
Saline (warm salty water) is usually recommended after procedures such as tooth extraction. In a study completed in 2014, saline mouthwash was warm compared with no mouthwash in preventing alveolar osteitis (dry sockets) after extraction. In the group instructed to rinse with saline, the prevalence of alveolar osteitis was less than in the non-group.
Essential oils (EO) or cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC)
Essential oils, found in Listerine mouthwash, contain eucalyptol, menthol, thymol, and methyl salicylate. BPK containing mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride, found in brands such as Colgate Plax, Crest Pro Health, Oral B Pro Health Rinse. In meta-analysis completed in 2016, EO and CPC mouthwash were compared and it was found that plaque and gingivitis levels were lower with EO mouthrinse when used in addition to removal of mechanical plaques (tooth brushing and interdental cleansing).
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine gluconate is an antiseptic mouthwash that should only be used in a two-week period due to brown staining on the teeth and tongue. Compared with essential oils, it is more efficacious in controlling plaque levels, but it does not have a better effect on gingivitis and is therefore generally used for postoperative wound healing or short-term control of plaque.
Sodium hypochlorite
As mentioned earlier, sodium hypochlorite, ordinary household bleach, can be used as a 0.2% solution for 30 seconds two or three times a week as a cheap and effective way of fighting harmful bacteria. Commercial products are 5% or 6%, so this requires product dilution with a factor of about 30 (half a tablespoon in a full glass of water). The solution will lose activity with time and can be discarded after one day.
Artificial dentures
Dentures, retainers, and other equipment should be kept clean. It is recommended that the dentures be cleaned mechanically twice daily with a soft brush and denture cleansing paste. It is not recommended to use toothpaste, as it is too abrasive for acrylic, and will leave a plaque retention streak on the surface.
Dentures should be taken out at night, since leaving them at bedtime has been linked to poor oral hygiene. Allowing a denture during sleep reduces protective cleansing and salivary antibacterial properties against Candida albicans and denture stomatitis; inflammation and redness of the oral mucosa under the denture. For older people, wearing denture during sleep has been shown to greatly increase the risk of pneumonia.
It is now recommended that dentures should be stored in overnight dry containers, as keeping the dry dentures for 8 hours significantly reduces the amount of Candida albicans in acrylic dentures. Approximately once a week it is recommended to soak an artificial tooth overnight with an alkaline peroxide denture cleanser tablet, as this has been shown to reduce bacterial mass and pathogenicity.
Education
To become a dental hygienist in the US must attend a college or university approved by the Dental Accreditation Commission and attend the National Dental Hygiene Examination Council. There are some acceptable degrees. Associate's degree after attending a community college is the most common and only takes two years to get it. After doing so, someone can work in the dental office. There is also the option to receive a bachelor's degree or a master's degree if one is planning to work in an educational institution for either teaching or research.
Oral hygiene and systemic diseases
Several recent clinical studies have shown that mouth disease and inflammation (oral and oral bacteria) can be a risk factor for serious systemic diseases, such as:
- cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke)
- Bacterial pneumonia: Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients has been reported to reduce the risk of ventilator-induced pneumonia.
- low birth weight or high birth weight of a baby's extreme
- diabetes complications
- osteoporosis
See also
- Brushing your teeth
- Toothpaste
- Periodontology
- List of oral and dental health topics
- List of basic dental topics
References
External links
- World Health Organization website on oral health
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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