A golf club is a club used to hit golf balls in a golf game. Each club consists of a shaft with a grip and club head. Woods is mainly used for long distance fairways or tee shots; iron, the most versatile class, used for various shots; hybrids that incorporate wood and metal design elements are becoming increasingly popular; putters are used primarily on the green to roll the ball into the hole. A standard set consists of 14 golf clubs, and while there are traditional combinations sold in retail as a suitable set, players are free to use a combination of 14 or fewer law clubs.
The important variations in different clubs are loft , or the angle between club face and vertical plane. This is the loft which is the main determinant of the golf ball ride, with the club's bow tangential angle at impact being secondary and relatively small (although minor changes in this swing angle can have significant influence on the launch angle when using low-lofted clubs). The impact of the club compacted the ball, while the groove on the club's face gave the ball backspin. Together, compression and backspin create lift. The majority of wood and iron are labeled with numbers; Higher numbers show shorter shafts and higher loops, which give the ball a higher and shorter path.
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Ingredients
Wooden shafts are made of various types of wood before being replaced by hickory in the mid-19th century. Wood varieties include ash, purpleheart, wooden people, and blue-mahoo. Despite the hickory power, the nineteenth century mid-nose club is still likely to break at the top of the rear swing. Club heads are often made of wood including apples, pears, dogwood, and beech in the early days until persimmon becomes the main ingredient. The golf club has been repaired and the shaft is now made of steel, titanium, other types of metal or carbon fiber. The shaft is a tapered steel tube or series of stepped steel tubes by telescopic means. This has improved the golfers' accuracy. Club grip is made of leather or rubber.
Maps Golf club
Club Type
Wood
Woods is a long-distance club, which is meant to move the ball very far below the fairway towards the hole. They generally have large heads and long shafts for maximum club speed. Historically timber is made of persimmon wood although some manufacturers - especially pliers - develop laminated wood. In 1979, TaylorMade Golf introduced the first metal timber made of steel. Even newer manufacturers have started using materials such as carbon fiber, titanium, or scandium. Although most of the "wood" is made of different metals, they are still called "wood" to indicate the general shape and purpose of its use on the golf course. Most of the wood that is made today has graphite shafts and titanium, composite, or steel heads that are mostly hollow, with relatively light weight allowing faster head-club speed. Woods is the longest and most powerful club of all golf clubs. Usually there are three to four woods in a set used from the tee box and, if on a long hole, maybe for a second or even third shot. The largest wood, known as a driver or a wooden one , is often made of a hollow-shaped titanium. The length of wood has increased in recent decades, and the typical driver with a graphite shaft is now 45.5 inches (1,160 mm) in length. Forests may also have very large heads, up to 460 cm (three volumes) in volume (the maximum allowed by the USGA in approved events; larger-header club drivers available for long-ride races and informal games). The shaft ranges from senior to extra-rigid depending on the preferences of each player.
Iron
Irons are clubs with dense, metal-patterned heads that feature flat sloping faces, and shorter shafts and more upright lying angles of wood, for easy access. The iron is designed for various shots of the entire course, from a tee box on short holes or dog legs, to the fairway or rough on approach to green, for complicated situations such as punching or throwing trees, out of danger, or hitting from a strict lie needing a compact swing. Most irons have numbers from 1 to 9 (the numbers in the most common use are 3-9), corresponding to their relative loft angles in a suitable set. Iron is usually grouped according to the intended distance (which also roughly corresponds to the length of their shaft and thus their difficulty to hit the ball); on numbered irons, there is a long iron (2-4), medium iron (5-7), and short irons (8-9), with an increased loft angle, shorter axle, and a heavier club head.
Like wood, "iron" gets their name because they were originally made of wrought iron. The modern iron is an investment-cast out of a steel alloy, allowing for better engineered "cavity-back" designs that have a lower center mass and a higher inertia moment, making clubs easier to hit and provide better distance than older forged muscles. -backs "designs Iron forged with less perimeter weighting is still visible, especially in sets that target defective and low-scratch golfers, as this less forgiving design allows skilled golfers to deliberately hit a curved shot (" faded "or" sweepstakes " ), to follow the fairway contours or "bend" the shots around obstacles.
Wedge
Wedges is a subclass of irons with a larger attic than a numbered iron (usually ranging from 47 Â ° -48 Â ° attic, above 9-iron 44 Â ° -45 Â °), and other features such as height head -mass club and wide soles that allow for easier use in complicated lies. Wedges are used for a variety of short-range "utility" shots, high altitude, high accuracy, such as hitting the ball toward the green ("approaching" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for better shooting in a green shot ("lay-up "), or hitting the ball out of danger or rough to green (chipping). There are five types of slices, with loft ranging from 45 Â ° to 64 Â °: pitching wedge (PW, 48-50 Â °), gap wedge (GW, also "approach", "attack", "utility", or "dual "wedge, usually 52-54Ã, Â °), sand wedge (SW, 55-56Ã, Â °), lob wedge (LW, 58Ã, Â ° -60Ã, Â °), and ultra lob wedge (sometimes called "flop wedge" or FW, 64Ã, Â ° - 68 Â °).
Hybrid
Hybrid is a cross between wood and iron, giving these clubs a long distance and a higher launch, with a familiar iron swing. The head of the hybrid club has a wood-inspired face, slightly convex, and is usually hollow like a modern metal wood to allow for high impulses at impact and faster swing speeds. The head is usually smaller than the actual wood, however, it does not extend as far back from the face, and the lie and the length of the shaft are similar to the iron which gives the same swing mechanism. These clubs generally replace low-grade iron in a set of men (between 2 and 5, most often 3-4), which is usually the loudest club in the player bag to hit well. Thus they also generally make higher wood lofted redundant as well. However, some manufacturers produce a set of "iron substitutes" that use a hybrid design to replace a whole series of traditional irons, ranging from 3 to sliced ​​slices. Women and elderly sets usually feature a combination of high wood (up to 7-timber) and hybrids to replace 5, 6 and 7-irons, allowing these players to gain greater hauling distance with slower swings.
Putter
Putter is a club-only class with an attic not exceeding ten degrees, designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green toward the hole. Contrary to popular belief, the putter has an attic (often 5 Â ° from actually perpendicular to the collision) that helps lift the ball from the curve that he has created. The newer putter also includes a groove on the face to promote rolls rather than skid crashes. This increases the rolling distance and reduces the bounce on the grass. Putter is the only club class that is allowed to have certain features, such as two flashy faces, non-circular cross-section grips, bent axis or hosels, and a complement designed primarily to aid player goals.
Chipper
Present in some golfing bags is the chipper , a club designed to feel like a putter but with a more lofted face, used with a laid motion to lift the ball out of the grass higher than the rough and fringe and drop it on the green , where it will then roll like a putt. The club replaces the use of high-lofted iron to make the same shots, and allows players to make shots from positions and with almost identical movements with putts, which are harder with iron loft because of the difference in the angle of lies.
Most addicts have attic bigger than 10 degrees, which is the maximum attic allowed by Golf Rules for club to be classified as putter, so these clubs are actually classified as irons. To be legal for approved games, a chipper can not have any features defined in a rule only allowed on the putter, e.g. two flashy faces or a flat "putter grip" on it. This disqualifies many chipper designs, but there are some USGA-compliant chipper, and inappropriate designs can still be used in unauthorized "informal" games.
Construction
Shaft
The rod is a pointed tube made of metal (usually steel) or a carbon fiber composite (referred to as graphite). The shaft is about 0.5 inches (13 mm) in diameter near the handle and from 34 to 48 inches (86 to 122 cm) in length. The shaft weighs from 45 to 150 grams (1.6 to 5.3 oz), depending on the material and its length.
The shaft is quantified in a number of different ways. The most common is the flexible shaft. Simply put, the flex shaft is the amount to be bent by the shaft when placed under the load. Stiffer shafts will not bend, which requires more strength to flex and "whip" through the ball correctly (which results in a higher club speed when impact for longer distances), while more flexible shafts will whip with less power it takes for better distance on a slower swing, but it may be excessive torque and flexibility if swung with too much power causing the head to not square at impact, resulting in lower accuracy. Most pivot makers offer a wide range of flexes. The most common are: L/W (Lady/Female), A/I (Soft Regular, Intermediate or Senior), R (Regular), S (Stiff), and X (Tour Stiff, Extra Stiff or Strong). A regular flex shaft is generally suitable for those with average head speed (80-94 mph (129-151 km/h)), while A-Flex (or senior axle) is for players with slower swing speeds (70 - 79 mph (113-127 km/h)), and harder shafts, such as S-Flex and X-Flex (Stiff and Extra-Stiff shafts) are only for players with swinging speeds above average, above 100 mph (160 km/h). Some companies also offer the flexibility of "rigid-regular" or "assertive" for players whose club speed is in the upper range of the Regular axle (90-100 mph (140-160 km/h)), allowing golfers and club makers to fine-tune the flex for players stronger amateur levels.
As a result, the club's head can spin as a result of the torque applied to the shaft, reducing the accuracy because the club's face is not parallel to the player's position. The ability of the shaft to rotate along its length because this torque is essentially a function of the flex of the shaft itself; rigid stems will also be less torque. To counter the torque in a more flexible axle, the club's makers design the shaft with varying levels of torque through its length, especially along the thinest part of the shaft where it joins the head of the club. This produces the point at which the most flexible shaft, called the "kick point"; above that point, the larger diameter of the shaft makes it more rigid, while below that point the shaft is internally reinforced to reduce the club's head torquing. Shafts are usually classified as having low, medium or high kicks; a low kick means the shaft will save energy closer to the club's head, meaning the club's head can spin more but also allow for a higher club head speed. A high kick kick will keep the energy closer to the handle; Such axis will feel tighter when swinging and will provide better direction control, but the same power swing will flex the shaft less, which will reduce the head-club speed.
Many are overlooked as part of the club, the axis considered by many to be the modern club head machine. Shafts range in price from only US $ 4 to over US $ 1200. The graphite shaft currently weighs less than their steel counterparts (sometimes weighs less than 50 grams (1.8 oz) for the driving shaft), allowing for a lighter club that can swing at a greater pace. Beginning in the late 1990s, special shafts have been integrated into the club's making process. This shaft will, in the given flexible ratings, meet certain criteria, such as to launch the ball higher or lower or to adjust the swing time of the player to load and unload the shaft at the correct swing for maximum power. Whereas in the past any club can come with just one axis, the club's current heads can be equipped with dozens of different shafts, each with slight variations in behavior, creating a much more suitable potential for the average golfer.
Handle
The club's grip is attached to the axis end of the club's head, and is part of the club the player holds while swinging. Initially, the handle consists of one or more leather strips wrapped around the shaft. The outer leather wrap on the handle is still visible in some clubs, most common putters, but most modern grips are one-piece "sleeves" made of rubber, synthetic or composite material that glide over the shaft and secured with adhesive. This arm grip allows club makers and golfers to adjust the grip diameter, consistency (softness/firmness) and texture patterns to best suit the player. Clubs with outer "leather" or leather-like "synthetic" wrappers still typically have an "arm" shape underneath to add a diameter to the handle and provide their basic profile.
Grip Rules
According to the golf rules, all club grips must have the same cross-sectional shape throughout its entire length (the diameter may vary), and with the exception of the putter, must have a circular cross section. Putter may have a symmetrical cross section along the grip through at least one field; The "shield" profile with flat and curved tops is common. The grips can be tapered from thick to thin along the length (and most of them), but they are not allowed to have waisting (the thinner part of the handle surrounded by thicker parts above and below) or bulge (the thickest part of the grip is surrounded by the thinner part). Small variations in surface texture (such as natural variations of "wrap" -style grip) are not counted unless significant.
Gripping back
Progress in materials has resulted in a more durable and longer lasting grip, but the grip ends up being dry, hardened, or if it is not damaged and must be replaced. The replacement handles that are sold as do-it-yourself kits are usually inexpensive and of high quality, although the larger, softer, or textured special grips are different from the everyday style "wrap" generally bought and installed by the clever club.
Gripping is used to ask for toxic and flammable solvents to soften and activate the adhesive, and vise to hold the club fixed while the grip is forced. However, the latest replacement kit uses double-sided adhesive tape with a slick water-activated adhesive when first activated, allowing easier installation. Once the adhesive is healed, it creates a very strong bond between the handle and the shaft and the handle is usually impossible to remove without cutting it.
Hosel
The hosel is part of the club's head that is attached to the shaft. Although largely ignored by players, the design of the hosel is an integral part of the club's balance, nuance and strength. Modern hosels are designed to put as little mass as possible on the top of the striking face of the club, which lowers the club's center of gravity for better distance.
Head of Club
Each head has one face that contacts the ball during a stroke. Putter may have two striking faces, provided they are identical and symmetrical. Some chipper (a club that looks similar in appearance to a two-sided putter but has a 35-45 degree attic) has two faces, but is not legal. Page 135 of USGA 2009 rules on golf countries:
The club's head should have just one face striking, except that the putter can have two faces like that if their characteristics are the same, and they are opposite to each other.
Page 127 of the USGA golf state rules:
Putter is a club with an attic that does not exceed ten degrees designed especially for use on putting green.
Therefore, a double sided club with loft larger than 10 degrees is not valid.
Ferrule
Trim rings, usually black (May have an additional trim color), are found directly above the hosel on a lot of wood and iron. Ferrules are mostly decorative, creating a continuous line between the larger axle and hosel, but in some cases can be part of the security mechanism between the hosel and the shaft. Ferrules of different weights can refine the club's overall head mass center, but for this minute adjustment, screw threaded inserts at certain points on the club head are usually used instead.
Club set
The golf rules limit every player to a maximum of 14 clubs in their bag. The strict rules prohibit the sharing of clubs between players who each have their own set (if two players share a club, they may not have more than 14 combined clubs), and while occasionally lending clubs to players is generally ignored, other players borrow club habits or share one club bags slow down enough play when both players need the same club.
The most common set of male clubs are:
- The driver, usually given a 1-wood number regardless of the actual attic, varies from 8Ã, Â ° to 13Ã, Â °
- Wood fairway, usually amounted to 3-timber and lofted about 15Ã, ° (though 2- and 4-forests are sometimes seen)
- A matching set of 7 irony numbers from 3 to 9, plus a pitching slice or "10-iron"
- A slice of sand
- Beater
Set above only 12 clubs; This (or equivalent hybrid replacement) is found in almost every golf bag. For this, players usually add the following two things:
- Other fairway woods, often 5-timber curled about 18 Â °, to allow options other than a long iron in the range of 180-250 yards,
- A hybrid, usually sticking to the same distance as 3- or 4-iron and usually replacing instead of equipping the clubs in the bag, and/or
- Other extras, usually:
- Difference of lofted gap near 52Ã, Â ° to fit between modern pitching and sand wedges in the attic, or
- A lob wedge, usually lofted around 60Ã, Â °, is used for a rigorous approach shot of coarse or sand.
- A chipper.
Women's club sets are similar in overall makeup, but usually have a higher loft and shorter, more flexible axle in the retail set to accommodate the average height and swing speed of female players.
Variations in this basic set are abundant; some club options usually exist for almost all shots depending on the skill level of the player and the style of play, and the only club that is considered very important is the putter. Some people regard modern-looking drivers as deeply irreplaceable; this is the cause of some debate, as professional players including Tiger Woods have played and won the tournament without using a driver, instead of using 3-wood for tee shots and making a difference on the approach of using a lower loft iron.
The most common neglect is the "long iron", numbered from 2 to 5, which is notoriously difficult to hit well. Players can complete the distance gap with higher numbered woods like 5 and even 7-wood, or can replace long iron with hybrid clubs with equivalent numbering. If hybrids are used, higher woods are often overlooked due to overuse, but female and elderly devices typically feature hybrids and high loft wood, ignoring long irons that fully support lofted wood, and replace middle iron (5-7) with hybrids. This combination allows for higher launch angles at long distance clubs, which provide better distances with slower swing speeds. Where clubs are eliminated and not replaced with clubs with similar functionality, players can add additional clubs with different functions such as additional wedges.
While 14 clubs are maximum, it's not the minimum; players are free to use fewer club counts that they think would be useful, so substitutions for general omissions above are not always done; a player can only choose to play without 5-timber or 2-4 irons, instead of using 4-wood and move straight to their 5-iron as the desired descending distance (4-wood in the hands of the skilled golfer an average of 200 meters ; 5-iron in the hands of the same player will be about 160, which is a big gap but can not be played). Other clubs can be eliminated as well. On courses where bags must be carried by players, players may just take an odd numbered iron; without 4, 6 or 8 irons (3 sometimes removed instead of 4) bag weight is greatly reduced. Bring only drivers, 3-wood, 4-hybrid, 5-7-9 irons, pitching and sand wedges, and putter reduces the number of clubs in the bag to 9; this is a common burden for "Sunday bag" that is brought to the driving range or to an informal game. A skilled player can usually overcome a lower choice of club loft by reducing their swing speed in lower iron loft and/or placing the ball farther forward in their attitude to get the same carry distance and/or launching an angle as the attic the next higher amount.
Rule
The ruling golf authority, The R & amp; A (branch of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews) and the US Golf Association (USGA), have the right to determine the physical shape and physical characteristics of clubs allowed in play tournaments. The current rules for club design, including the results of decisions on clubs introduced to play, are set out in Appendix II of the Golf Rules.
The overall principle of club design used by the two authorities is defined in Appendix II-1a, which states: "Clubs should not be much different from traditional and customary forms and make clubs should be composed from the shaft and head and may also have added material to the shaft to allow players to get a strong grip (see 3 below).All club sections need to be fixed so clubs are one unit, and it should have no external attachments. "In addition, Appendix II-4a states, about club heads, that "the head of the club must be generally in clear form. All parts must be rigid, structural in nature and functional The head of the club or its parts should not be designed to resemble other objects It is impractical to define 'plain in form 'appropriately and comprehensively. "
These two rules are used as the basis for most of the more specific rules of Appendix II, including that no club has a concave face (1931) and a variety of rules that define what is "traditional" about certain club shapes, while enabling technological development. The "traditional and custom" rules were originally used to ban the introduction of club steel shafts (patented in 1910), because they were not traditional for axles; The specific prohibition was repealed in 1924 by USGA (R & D will continue to ban steel shaft until 1929), and steel will be universal until the development of graphite shafts whose introduction is less controversial. The "regular form" rule has recently been bent to allow the non-traditional driver club's head shape, like a box, as a compromise for club makers after forcing and enforcing a 460cc volume limit on the head of this same club.
Many recently developed timbers have a marked "trampoline effect" (massive deformation of the face in a collision followed by rapid recovery to the original dimension, acting like a catapult), resulting in very high ball speed and great tee-beating length. On January 1, 2008, USGA and R & amp; A has established a regulation that limits the acceptable "trampoline effect" to the restitution coefficient (COR) - the measurement of energy transfer efficiency from club head to ball - 0.830.
Other large-scale USGA regulations involve the 1990 lawsuit, and subsequent settlement, against Karsten Manufacturing, the PING brand maker, for the use of square or U-groove in their very popular Ping Eye2 iron. The USGA argues that players who use Eye2 have an unfair advantage in implanting spin on the ball, which helps stop the ball on the putting green. The USGA utilized John L. Saksun, founder of Canadian golf company Accuform Golf, as a consultant to set up a unique groove measuring method and determine PING compliance with the verdict. Saksun, by proposing a cost-effective solution to help PING change the design of the next Eye2s, saving hundreds of millions PING. PING then withdrew their US $ 100 million lawsuit against USGA. Older Ping clubs are "ruled out" and allowed to play as part of the settlement. However, the USGA has begun phasing in a square groove ban on golf. Manufacturers were asked to stop clubs that did not comply with 1 January 2011. According to the USGA, as of January 1, 2010, professional golfers on one of the top tours, or those seeking to qualify for one of three Open Championships (since then four) will need using new conformation slices (which have no square grooves). In addition, those who plan to qualify for other USGA championships (Amateur Championships - under 18, Amateurs, over 25, and over 50 in both sexes, and four balls, together with international team championships), will need a new slice which is in accordance with 2014. In addition, this regulation includes IGF and regional amateur events approved by USGA as well, as "competitive conditions". Wedges that conform to the new standards are often marketed as "CC" or "Condition of Competition" wedges; This moniker tends not to be used because players improve the club and inappropriate iron usage is reduced.
See also
- Golf Glossary
- Golf cart
- Obsolete golf club
- Golf Cart Surya
References
Note
Bibliography
- Bade, Edwin. Sports Mechanics . A. G. Elliot, New York, 1952.
- Bruce, Ben, and Evelyn Davies. Start Golf . Wadsworth Publishing, California, 1962.
- Cheatum, Billy Ann. Golf . W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1969.
- Cochran, A.J. Science and Golf II: Procedure of the World Golf Scientific Congress . M. R. Farally, London, 1994.
- Concannon, Dale. The Original Rules of Golf . Bodleian Library, Oxford, 2009.
- Cook, Kevin. Driven: The teen phenomenon, Crazy Parent, The Science of Swing, and the Future of Golf . Gotham Books, New York, 2008.
- Evans, Webster. Golf Encyclopedia . St. Martins Press, New York, 1971.
- Ford, Doug. Get started in Golf . Publisher Sterling, New York, 1964.
- Gibson, Kevin H. Golf Encyclopedia . A. S. Barnes, New York, 1958.
External links
Media related to Golf club (equipment) on Wikimedia Commons
- How Zip Entered Your Golf Club - a well-written article in July 1951 Popular Science on the manufacturing process for golf clubs
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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