Edgar Allan Poe (born: Edgar Poe January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849) is an American writer, editor and critic. Poe is famous for his poetry and short stories, especially his mystery and horrible stories. He is widely regarded as the central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he is one of the country's earliest practitioners of short stories. Poe is generally considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emergence of the science fiction genre. He is the first famous American writer who tries to earn a living through his own writing, resulting in life and career that is financially difficult.
Poe was born in Boston, the second child of two actors. His father left the family in 1810, and his mother died the following year. So an orphan, the boy was taken by John and Frances Allan from Richmond, Virginia. They never officially adopted him, but Poe was with them until young adulthood. Tensions grew later when John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts, including those caused by gambling, and the cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia but left after a year for lack of money. Poe quarreled with Allan for funding for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under a pseudonym. It was at this point that his publishing career began, albeit humbly, with an anonymous collection of Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian". With the death of Frances Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan achieved a temporary restoration of relationships. However, Poe subsequently failed as an officer cadet at West Point, expressed a strong desire to become a poet and writer, and he eventually parted ways with John Allan.
Poe shifted his focus to prose and spent the next few years working for literary journals and magazines, becoming famous for his own literary critique style. His work forces him to move between several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In Richmond in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem "The Raven" for instant success. His wife died of tuberculosis two years after publication. Over the years, he had planned to produce his own journal. The Penn (later renamed The Stylus ), though he died before it was produced. Poe died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at the age of 40; the cause of his death is unknown and has been heavily associated with alcohol, clogged brains, cholera, drugs, heart disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents.
Poe and his work affect literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, film, and television. A number of his house dedicated museum today. The Mystery Writers of America presents an annual award known as the Edgar Award for different works in the mystery genre.
Video Edgar Allan Poe
Life and career
Early life
She was born Edgar Poe in Boston on January 19, 1809, the second child of British-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Jr.. She has William Henry Leonard Poe's brother, and a sister Rosalie Poe. Their grandfather David Poe Sr had emigrated from County Cavan, Ireland, to America around 1750. Edgar might be named after the character in William Shakespeare King Lear, a game the couple performed in 1809. His father left their family in 1810, and his mother died a year later from consumption (pulmonary tuberculosis). Poe was then taken to the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in Richmond, Virginia who deals with various goods, including tobacco, cloth, wheat, tombstones, and slaves. The Allans served as an adopted family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe", although they never officially adopted him.
Allan's family told Poe to be baptized in the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his adopted son. The family sailed to England in 1815, and Poe attended a grammar school for a short time in Irvine, Scotland (where John Allan was born) before rejoining his family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until the summer of 1817 He then entered at St. John Bransby Manor Manor School House in Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6.4 km) north of London.
Poe moved with Allans back to Richmond, Virginia in 1820. In 1824, Poe served as lieutenant of Richmond's honorary youth when Richmond celebrated the Marquis de Lafayette visit. In March 1825, John Allan's uncle and businessman William Galt, said to be one of the richest men in Richmond, died, leaving Allan some real estate. The legacy is estimated at $ 750,000. In the summer of 1825, Allan celebrated his vast fortune by buying a two-storey brick house called Moldavia.
Poe may have been engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before she enrolled at the one-year-old University of Virginia in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages. The university, in its infancy, was founded on the aspirations of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. It has strict rules against gambling, horses, shotguns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules are generally ignored. Jefferson has imposed a student self-governing system, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for riding, and report all mistakes to the faculty. The unique system is still in chaos, and there is a high dropout rate. During his time there, Poe lost contact with Royster and also became alienated from his adoptive father for gambling debts. Poe claims that Allan did not give him enough money to sign up for classes, buy text, and buy and equip dormitories. Allan sent extra money and clothes, but Poe's debt increased. Poe gave up at the university after a year, but did not feel welcome back to Richmond, especially when he learned that his lover Royster had married Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, defending himself with a side job as a newspaper clerk and writer. At some point, he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet.
Military career
Poe could not support himself, so he enlisted in the United States Army as a personal on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". She claims that she is <22 years old even though she is 18 years old. He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month. That same year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poems titled Tamerlane and Other Poems , attributed to the byline "by a Bostonian." Only 50 copies were printed, and the book was barely noticed. The Poe Regiment was attached to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina and traveled by ship at Brig. Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted merchant who prepared shells for artillery, and paid monthly doubled. He served for two years and achieved the rank of the Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank that a non-commission officer can reach); he then attempted to terminate the registration five years earlier. He revealed his real name and circumstances to his commander, Lieutenant Howard. Howard will only allow Poe to be dismissed if he makes peace with John Allan and writes letters to Allan, who is unsympathetic. Several months passed and the petition for Allan was ignored; Allan probably did not write to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on 28 February 1829, and Poe visited the day after his funeral. May be softened by the death of his wife, John Allan agrees to support Poe's attempts to be thrown out to accept the appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Poe finally exhausted on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to complete his enlisted term for him. Before entering West Point, Poe moved back to Baltimore to live with his wife widow Maria Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), her brother Henry, and her flawed grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. Meanwhile, Poe published his second book of Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems in Baltimore in 1829.
Poe went to West Point and became a cadet on July 1, 1830. In October 1830, John Allan married his second wife, Louisa Patterson. The bitter marriage and dispute with Poe over the children born of Allan because of the affair led to the adoptive father finally disowning Poe. Poe decided to leave West Point by deliberately getting a military court. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for negligence and disobedience for refusing to attend formation, class or church. Poe tactically pleaded not guilty to sparking his dismissal, knowing that he would be found guilty.
He left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poetry, entitled Poetry. This book was funded with help from fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom contributed 75 cents for the cause. , collecting a total of $ 170. They may expect passages similar to the satire that Poe wrote about commanding officers. It was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition," and includes a page that says, "To the Cadets Cadets of the US, this volume is dedicated with reverence". The book once again prints long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six unpublished poems, including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The City in the Sea". He returned to Baltimore to his aunt, his brother, and his cousin in March 1831. His eldest brother, Henry, was ill, partly because of alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.
Publishing career
After the death of his brother, Poe began a more earnest effort to start his career as a writer. He chose a difficult time in publishing America to do so. He was the first famous American to try to live by writing his own and was hampered by the lack of international copyright laws. Publishers often produce unauthorized copies of British works rather than pay for new jobs by Americans. The industry was also specifically harmed by Panic of 1837. There was a growth boom in the American periodic around this period, partly driven by new technology, but many did not survive beyond some issues and publishers often refused to pay their authors, or pay them slower than which they promised. Throughout his efforts to live as a writer, Poe has repeatedly used embarrassing requests for money and other help.
After his initial attempt in poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose. He puts some stories with Philadelphia publications and starts working on his only drama Politian . The Baltimore Saturday Visiter rewarded Poe in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in Bottles". This story led to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimore who has many ways. He helped Poe put some of his stories, and introduced them to Thomas W. White, editor of Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became the editorial assistant of the magazine in August 1835, but had been out for several weeks due to being drunk by his boss. Returning to Baltimore, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is not known whether they were married at the time. He is 26 and he is 13 years old.
He was restored by White after promising good behavior, and returned to Richmond with Virginia and his mother. He remained at Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that his circulation increased from 700 to 3,500. He published several poems, book reviews, criticisms, and stories in newspapers. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia Clemm held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony at their Richmond boardinghouse, with witnesses who mistakenly prove Clemm's age at the age of 21.
Narration of Arthur Gordon Pym from Nantucket published and widely reviewed in 1838. In the summer of 1839, Poe became Burton's Gentleman's Magazine editorial assistant. He published many articles, stories and reviews, increasing his reputation as a sharp criticism he built in Southern Literary Messenger. Also in 1839, the Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque collection was published in two volumes, although he made little money from it and received mixed reviews. Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as an assistant at Graham's Magazine.
In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intention to start his own journal called The Stylus. Initially, Poe intends to call the journal The Penn , because it will be based in Philadelphia. In the June 6, 1840 issue of Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post, Poe purchased advertising space for his prospectus: "Prospectus Penn Magazine, a journal of the Monthly Literature to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe. " The journal was never produced before Poe's death.
Around this time, he attempted to secure a position with the Tyler administration, claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party. He hopes to be appointed to the Custom House in Philadelphia with the help of the son of President Tyler Robert, an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas. Poe did not appear for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, admitting illness, though Thomas believed he had been drunk. Though he promises promises, all positions are filled by others.
One night in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, now known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano. Poe described it as destroying the veins in his throat. He has just recovered partly. Poe started drinking more under the pressure of Virginia disease. He left Graham's and tried to find a new position, temporarily fishing the government post. He returned to New York where he worked briefly in the Evening Mirror before becoming a Broadway Journal editor and, later, sole proprietor. There he alienates himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded. On January 29, 1845, his poem "The Raven" appeared on the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly, even though he only paid $ 9 for his publication. It was simultaneously published in The American Review: A Whig Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".
The Broadway Journal failed in 1846. Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in what is now the Bronx. The house, since being moved to the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road, is now known as Poe Cottage. Nearby he made friends with the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University. Virginia died in the cottage on January 30, 1847. Biographers and critics often argue that Poe's frequent theme of "the death of a beautiful woman" stems from the loss of many women throughout his life, including his wife.
Poe is getting more and more unstable after his wife's death. He sought to punish the poet Sarah Helen Whitman who lives in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly due to Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to thwart their relationship. Poe then returns to Richmond and continues the relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.
Maps Edgar Allan Poe
Death
On October 3, 1849, Poe was found delirious in the streets of Baltimore, "in great trouble, and... In need of immediate help", according to Joseph W. Walker who discovered it. She was taken to Washington Medical College where she died on Sunday, October 7, 1849 at 5:00 am. Poe had never been coherent long enough to explain how he was in a terrible condition and, oddly enough, was wearing clothes that did not belong to him. He is said to have repeatedly called the name "Reynolds" the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he refers. Some sources say that Poe's last words were "God help my poor soul". All medical records have been lost, including his death certificate.
The newspaper at that time reported Poe's death as a "brain congestion" or "brain inflammation", a common euphemism for death from unreasonable causes such as alcoholism. The cause of actual death is still a mystery. Speculation includes delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation, cholera, and rabies. One theory that dates from 1872 shows that cooping was the cause of Poe's death, a form of election fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for certain candidates, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.
Griswold "Memoir"
On the day when Edgar Allan Poe was buried, a long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed by Ludwig. It was soon published all over the country. The passage begins, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead, he died in Baltimore the day before yesterday, this announcement will surprise many, but few will mourn it." "Ludwig" was immediately identified as Rufus Wilmot Griswold, editor, critic, and anthologist who had held a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy the reputation of his enemy after his death.
Rufus Griswold wrote Poe's biography article entitled "Memoir Writer", which was included in a volume of 1850 works collected. Griswold describes Poe as a madman who is drunk, drunk, and addicted to drugs and puts Poe's letters as evidence. Many of his claims are either lies or half-truth distortions. For example, it is now known that Poe is not a drug addict. Griswold's book was criticized by people who knew Poe well, but it became a popular one. This happens partly because it is the only complete biography available and reprinted widely, and partly because readers love to imagine reading work by "bad" people. The letters Griswold presented as proof of Poe's portrayal were then expressed as forgery.
Literary styles and themes
Genre
Poe's most famous fictional work is Gothic, a genre that he follows to fulfill public taste. His most recurring themes relate to the question of death, including his physical signs, the effects of decomposition, premature burial concerns, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Many of his works are generally considered part of the genre of dark romanticism, a literary reaction to transcendentalism that Poe disliked most. He refers to the followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after a pool in Boston Common, and mocking their writings as "crazy metaphors," falling into "ambiguity for ambiguity" or "mysticism by mysticism." Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not like transcendentalists, "only the swindlers and sophists among them".
In addition to horror, Poe also wrote satirs, humor stories, and hoaxes. For comic effects, he uses an ironic and ridiculous luxury, often in an attempt to free readers from cultural adjustment. "Metzengerstein" is the first story known to Poe has been published and his first throwing into horror, but originally intended as a joke that quiped popular genre. Poe also rediscovered science fiction, responding in his writing to new technologies such as the balloon in "The Balloon-Hoax".
Poe wrote many of his works using themes devoted exclusively to the mass market tastes. To that end, his fiction often incorporates elements of popular pseudosciences, such as phrenology and physiognomy.
Literary Theory
Poe's writings reflect his literary theory, presented in his critics as well as in essays such as "The Poetic Principle". He does not like didactic and allegory, although he believes that the meaning in literature should be undercurrent beneath the surface. Working with a clear meaning, he wrote, ceases to be an art. He believes that the quality of work should be short and focus on a single specific effect. To that end, he believes that writers must carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.
Poe explains his method of writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to have followed this method strictly. It is questionable whether he really follows this system. T. S. Eliot said: "It is very difficult for us to read the essay without reflecting that if Poe planned his poem with such a calculation, he might have a bit of pain again: the result was very unsuitable for his method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch describes this essay as "a very smart exercise in the art of rationalization".
Legacy
The influence of literature
During his lifetime, Poe was largely recognized as a literary critic. Fellow worker James Russell Lowell calls him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic of imaginative works written in America", pointing out - rhetorically - that he sometimes uses prussic acid instead of ink. Poe's spicy reviews earned him a reputation as a "tomahawk man". Poe's favorite criticism target is Boston's famous poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who is often championed by literary friends in what was then called "The Longfellow War". Poe accuses Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poems that preach, derivate, and thematically plagiarized. Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We give him high quality, but deny it the Future".
Poe is also known as a fiction writer and became one of the first American writers in the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States. Poe is highly regarded in France, in part because of an early translation by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translation became the definitive translation of Poe's work throughout Europe.
Poe's early detective fiction story featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the foundations for future detectives in the literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Every [detective story of Poe] is the root from which the entire literature has grown... Where's the detective story until Poe breathes life into it?" American Mystery Writers have mentioned their appreciation for excellence in the "Edgars" genre. Poe's work also influenced science fiction, especially Jules Verne, who wrote the sequel to Poe's Narrative Arthur Gordon Pym from Nantucket called Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields . Science fiction writer H. G. Wells noted, " Pym tells what a very intelligent mind can imagine about the south polar region a century ago." In 2013, The Guardian quoted Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket as one of the greatest novels ever written in English, and noted his influence on later writers such as Henry James , Arthur Conan Doyle, B. Traven, and David Morrell.
Like many famous artists, Poe's work has spawned imitators. One of the trends among Poe's imitators is the claim by fortune tellers or psychics to be "channeling" poetry from Poe's spirit. One of the most prominent was Lizzie Doten, who published the Poems of the Inner Life in 1863, where he claimed to have "received" a new composition by Poe's spirit. His compositions are the works of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflect a positive new outlook.
Even so, Poe has received not only praise, but also criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and his influence over his reputation. William Butler Yeats is occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it", and rudely refer to Poe as a "jingle man". Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgar" with "too poetic" - is equivalent to wearing a diamond ring on each finger.
It is believed that only 12 copies survived the first book of Poe Tamerlane and Other Poems . In December 2009, one copy was sold at Christie's, New York for $ 662,500, a record price paid for an American literary work.
Physics and cosmology
Eureka: Prose Poem , an essay written in 1848, including the cosmological theory that initiated the Big Bang theory for 80 years, as well as the first reasonable solution to the Olbers paradox. Poe avoided the scientific method at Eureka and wrote instead of pure intuition. For this reason, he regarded it as a work of art, not science, but insisted that it was still true and considered it a career masterpiece. Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestion ignores Newton's principles of planetary density and rotation.
Cryptography
Poe has an interest in cryptography. He has placed notice of his abilities in the Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger Philadelphia newspaper, inviting the submission of the cipher he solved. In July 1841, Poe had published an essay entitled "Some Words in Secret Writing" at Graham's Magazine . Utilizing public interest on the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" which incorporates ciphers as an important part of the story. Poe's success with cryptography does not depend on his in-depth knowledge of the field (his method is limited to simple substitution cryptograms) as in his knowledge of magazines and newspaper culture. His sharp analytical ability, which is very clear in his detective stories, allows him to see that the general public is largely unaware of the methods in which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he uses this to his advantage. The sensation that Poe created with cryptographic action played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.
Poe has an influence on cryptography beyond an increased public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, the foremost American cryptologist, is strongly influenced by Poe. Friedman's early interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest he later used to interpret the Japanese PURPLE code during World War II.
In popular culture
As a character
The historic Edgar Allan Poe has emerged as a fictional character, often representing "crazy genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggle. Many such depictions also mingle with the characters of his story, suggesting that Poe and his character share an identity. Often, Poe's fictional depiction uses the mystery solving skills in novels such as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.
Preserving houses, famous buildings, and museums
There was no Poe's childhood home still standing, including the Moldavian plantations belonging to the family of Allan. The oldest standing house in Richmond, Old Stone House, is used as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the family of Allan, and also featured some of the first rare Poe prints. 13 West Range is a dorm room believed to be used by Poe while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826; preserved and available for viewing. Its maintenance is now overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society.
The earliest surviving house in which Poe lived in Baltimore, preserved as Edgar Allan Poe's House and Museum. Poe is believed to have stayed home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe). It is open to the public and also home of Edgar Allan Poe Society. Of the few houses that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Mary rented in Philadelphia, only the last surviving house. The Spring Garden House, where the author lived in 1843-1844, is preserved by the National Park Service as Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site. Poe's last home was retained as Edgar Allan Poe's Cottage in the Bronx.
In Boston, a memorial plaque on Boylston Street is a few blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth. The house that was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street was no more; also, since then the street has been renamed "Charles Street South". A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets was once named in his honor, but disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square". In March 2014, fundraising was completed for the construction of a permanent memorial statue at this location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak ​​depicts Poe the size of a body that moves against the wind, accompanied by a flying crow; the lid of his suitcase has opened, leaving a "paper trail" of literary work embedded in the sidewalk behind him. The public announcement on 5 October 2014 was attended by former poet American poet Robert Pinsky.
Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Side where Poe lived temporarily when he first moved to New York. A plaque indicates that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. The bar still stands where the legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death, at Fell's Point in Baltimore. The drinking establishment is now known as "The Horse You Come In", and local knowledge insists that the ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the room above.
Photos
Early daguerreotypes of Poe continues to arouse great interest among literary historians. Notable among them are:
- "Ultima Thule" (a distant discovery), in honor of the new photography technique. Taken in November 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester.
- "Annie", as given to Poe's friend, Ny. Annie L. Richmond. Taken as early as June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts. Unknown photographer.
Poe Toaster
For decades, every January 19, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left in the original Poe cemetery by an unknown visitor called "Poe Toaster". On August 15, 2007, Sam Porpora, a former historian at Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe was buried, claimed that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that tradition began to raise money and raise the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed, and some details he gave to the press are factually inaccurate. Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the anniversary of Poe's two centuries.
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