Alexander Graham Bell <3 (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator credited with creating and patenting the first practical telephone. He also founded American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & amp; T) in 1885.
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother are all associated with work in parables and speeches, and his mother and his wife are deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life work. His research on hearing and speaking further led him to experiment with a hearing aid that eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first US patent for a phone in 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his original work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
Many other inventions mark Bell's life in the future, including innovative work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoil, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence in the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903.
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Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The family home is located on 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription that marks it as the birthplace of Alexander Graham Bell. He has two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845-70) and Edward Charles Bell (1848-67), both of whom will die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetic, and his mother was Eliza Grace (nÃÆ' Â © e Symonds). Born as "Alexander Bell", at the age of 10, he asked his father to have a middle name like his two brothers. For her 11th birthday, her father agreed and allowed her to adopt the name "Graham", chosen in honor of Alexander Graham, a Canadian who was treated by her father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remains "Aleck".
First discovery
As a child, the young Bell showed a natural curiosity about his world, producing a collection of botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend is Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family runs a flour mill mill, a sight of many people. Young Bell asks what to do at the factory. He was told wheat had to be dampened through an exhausting process and by the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that incorporated a spinning paddle with a nail brush set, creating a simple deusking machine that operated and used steadily for a number of years. In return, Ben's father, John Herdman, gave the boys a small workshop to "discover".
From his early years, Bell showed sensitive and talent for art, poetry, and music that his mother encouraged. Without formal training, he mastered the piano and became a family pianist. Although usually quiet and introspective, he enjoys mimicry and "sound tricks" similar to ventriloquism that continue to entertain family guests during occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by deaf deaf deaf gradually (he started losing his hearing when he was 12 years old), and studied manual fingers so he could sit next to him and tap silently conversations around the living room. He also developed a technique to speak clearly, modulate the tone directly to his mother's forehead where he would hear it with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with her mother's deafness made her learn acoustics.
His family has long been associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, all elocutions. His father published numerous works on the subject, some of which are still famous, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. In this treatise his father explains his method of teaching the deaf-mute (as they are known) to articulate words and read the movements of others' lips to decipher meanings. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speeches but to identify the accompanying symbols and sounds. Bell became so adept that he became part of his father's public demonstrations and shocked the audience with his ability. He can understand the Visible Speech that represents almost every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reads a written treatise without prior knowledge of his pronunciation.
Education
As a young boy, Bell, like his siblings, received his early school at home from his father. At an early age, he enrolled at Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at the age of 15, after completing only the first four forms. His school records are not special, marked by absenteeism and uninspired value. His main interests remain in science, especially biology while he treats other school subjects with indifference, to the anxiety of his demanding father. After leaving school, Bell went to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During the year spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with a long time spent for discussion and serious study. The older Bell tries hard enough for the young student to learn to speak clearly and with confidence, the qualities his disciple needs to become the teacher himself. At the age of 16, Bell gained the position of "musical student" and elocution music, at Weston House Academy in Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he is enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructs his own classes in return for the board and Ã, £ 10 per session. The following year, he attended Edinburgh University; joined his sister Melville who had registered there the year before. In 1868, shortly before he left for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exam and was admitted to University College London.
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His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his son to see the unique robot developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The simple "human mechanics" simulated the human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he got a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and painstakingly translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automobile heads. Their father, very interested in their project, offered to pay for all the supplies and spur the kids with a "big prize" appeal if they succeeded. When his brother built his throat and larynx, Bell handled the more difficult task of creating a realistic skull. His efforts produced a very lively head that could "speak", even if only a few words. The boys carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows push the air through the windpipe, a very well known "Mama" takes place, to please the neighbors who come to see Bell's discovery.
Due to being intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with the direct subject, the Skye Terrier family, "Trouve". After he taught him to grow continuously, Bell would reach into his mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a rough voice "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little conviction, the visitor believes his dog can articulate "How are you, grandma?" Indicative of his playful nature, his experiment convinced the audience that they saw the "talking dog". These early experiments became experimentation with Bell's lead to do his first serious work on sound transmission, using tuning forks to explore resonance.
At the age of 19, Bell wrote a report about his work and sent it to the philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins at Pygmalion ). Ellis immediately re-wrote that the experiment was similar to the work in Germany, and also lends Bell by Hermann von Helmholtz, Tone Sensation as the Physiological Basis for Music Theory.
Disappointed to find that innovative work has been done by Helmholtz who has delivered a vocal voice using a tuning fork that resembles a "tool", Bell examines the book of German scientists. Working from his mistaken mistranslation on the French edition, Bell deliberately then made a deduction that would be the foundation of all his future work in transmitting the voice, reporting: "Without knowing much about this subject, I feel that if the vowel sounds can be produced in a way so he can articulate the speech. "He also later commented:" I think Helmholtz has done that... and that my failure is due only to my ignorance of electricity.That is a worthwhile mistake... If I can read in German at the time, I may never have started my experiment! "
Family tragedy
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant teacher and, in his spare time, continued his experiment with sound using minimal laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to deliver a voice and then installing a telegraph wire from his room at Somerset College to a friend. Throughout the end of 1867, his health stalled mainly due to fatigue. Her younger brother, Edward "Ted," is both bedridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by referring to herself in correspondence as "A. G. Bell") and serving the following year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, her sister's condition deteriorated. Edward will never recover. After the death of his brother, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother, Melville, was married and moved. With the goal of getting a degree at University College London, Bell considers the following years in preparation for the degree exam, devoting his spare time to his family's home to study.
Helped his father in a demonstration Visible Speech and his lecture took Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the Deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two students were deaf-mute girls who made tremendous progress under his guidance. While her older brother seems to have achieved success in many areas including opening his own school of declamation, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continues as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died of complications from tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father also suffered from a debilitating illness early in life and had recovered his health with recovery in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embark on a long planned move when they realize that their remaining son is also sickly. Acting firmly, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange the sale of all family property, ending all his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last pupil, healed lisp spoken), and joined his father and mother in setting for "New World". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude his relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he suspected, was not prepared to leave England with him.
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Canada
In 1870, 23, Bell, along with Bell's brother's widow Caroline Margaret Ottaway, and his parents traveled with the Nestorian SS to Canada. After landing in Quebec City, the bells were transferred to another steamship to Montreal and then took the train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a short stay with the Henderson family, the Bell family bought a 10.5-hectare (42,000 m 2 ) farm at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consists of orchards, large farmhouses, stables, pigsty, chicken coops, and carriage houses, which borders the Grand River.
At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in an evacuated carriage house near the place he called "a place of dreaming", a large hole located behind the trees behind the property above the river. Despite his weakened condition upon arrival in Canada, Bell finds the climate and surroundings to his liking, and rapidly increases. He continued his interest in studying human voices and when he found the Six Nations Sanctuary across the river at Onondaga, he studied the Mohawk language and translated an unwritten vocabulary into the Visible Speech symbol. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony in which he wore a Mohawk headdress and danced a traditional dance.
After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified the melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it can transmit the music electrically from a distance. After the family settled, both Bell and his father made plans to establish teaching practices and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach the Visible Speech System.
Working with hearing
Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, head of the Boston School for Deaf Deaf (which continues today as the Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, to introduce the Visible System Speech by providing training for Fuller instructors, but he rejects posts that benefit his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was then asked to repeat the program at American Asylum for Deaf-mute in Hartford, Connecticut, and Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Back home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiment with his "harmonic telegraph". The basic concept behind the device is that messages can be sent over a wire if each message is transmitted on a different tone, but working on the transmitter and receiver is required.
Unsure of his future, he first thought of returning to London to finish his studies but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him organize his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Clarke School president for Deaf for recommendations. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened the "School of Vocal Physiology and Speech Mechanics" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf students, with a first class of 30 students. When he worked as a private tutor, one of his students was Helen Keller, who came to him as a child who could not see, hear or speak. He then says that Bell dedicates his life to the penetration of "the inhumanity of silence that separates and alienates." In 1893, Keller undertook a ground breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Volta Bell Bureau, dedicated to "the promotion and dissemination of deaf-related knowledge".
Some influential people at the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something to be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and efforts, they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus allowing their integration within a wider range. communities that are often excommunicated. Because of his efforts to suppress sign language teaching, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing the Deaf culture.
Ongoing experiment
The following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elokusi at Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending the summer at his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept" by the excitement generated by many scientists and inventors living in the city. He continued his research with a voice and attempted to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speeches, but despite being absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experiment. While the days and nights were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay up late, running experiments after experimenting in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night ghost" hours, he worries that his work will be found and strive to lock his notebook and laboratory equipment. Bell has a specially made desk where he can put his notes and equipment inside the locking lid. Worse, his health deteriorated when he suffered from a severe headache. Returning to Boston in the fall of 1873, Bell made the decisive decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.
Deciding to give up his lucrative private practice in Boston, Bell only kept two students, Sanders "Georgie" six years, deaf from birth, and 15 year old Mabel Hubbard. Each student will play an important role in subsequent developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to live near Salem with his grandmother Georgie, complete with space for "experimenting". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed a year-long arrangement in 1872 in which her son and nurse moved to a residence next to the Bell boardinghouse, it is clear that Mr. Sanders supported the proposal. The arrangement is for teachers and students to continue their work together, with space and boards free to cast. Mabel is a cheerful and attractive girl who ten years becomes a Bell junior but becomes the object of her affection. After losing his hearing after nearly a feverish fever near his fifth birthday, he had learned to read his lips but his father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell auxiliary and personal friend, wanted him to work directly with his teacher.
Phone
In 1874, Bell's early work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both in Boston's new "laboratory" (rent facility) and at his family's home in Canada a huge success. While working in Brantford summer, Bell experimented with a "fonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw a sound wave form on smoky glass by tracing its vibrations. Bell thinks it is possible to produce a corrugated electric current associated with sound waves. Bell also thinks that some metal reeds that are tuned to different frequencies such as the harp will be able to change the waves flowing into sound. But he does not have a working model to demonstrate the worthiness of these ideas.
In 1874, telegraphic message traffic quickly developed and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become a "trading nervous system". Orton has contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on every telegraph line to avoid the huge cost of building new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, two wealthy customers began to support Bell's experiments financially. The patent issue will be handled by Hubbard's patent lawyer, Anthony Pollok.
In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the scientist Joseph Henry, then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the multi-reactor electrical equipment that Bell hoped would send human voice through the telegraph. Henry replies that Bell has "the seed of great discovery". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" The statement strongly encouraged Bell to keep trying, although he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, or the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, an opportunity to meet in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an electrical designer and mechanic with experience at Charles Williams electrical machinery store, changed all that.
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant, and both experimented with acoustic telegraph. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the end of the wire receiver, heard the tones of the weeds; additional tones needed to transmit speech. It shows Bell that only one reed or armature is needed, not a few reeds. This causes the phone to power a "gallows" sound, which can transmit an unclear sound, like a sound, but does not speak clearly.
Race to patent office
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and made a patent application for him. Because he agreed to share US profits with investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell asked an associate in Ontario, George Brown, to patent him in the UK, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the US only after they received a word from England issuing patents only for inventions that were not previously patented elsewhere).
Meanwhile, Elisha Gray also experimented with acoustic telegraphy and thought of ways to deliver a speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a warning to the US Patent Office for telephone design using a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyers filed Bell's appeal to the patent office. There is a great debate about who arrives first and Gray then challenges the virtue of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until 26 February.
Bell Patent 174,465, issued to Bell on 7 March 1876, by the US Patent Office. The Bell patent encompasses "methods, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other voices telegraphically... by causing an electric current, similar in form of vibration of air accompanying vocal or other sounds." Bell returned to Boston the same day. and the next day went back to work, drawing on his diary a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent notice.
On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell managed to make his phone work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. The vibration of the diaphragm causes the needle to vibrate in water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell uttered the phrase "Mr. Watson - Come here - I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening on the receiving end in adjacent rooms, hearing the words clearly.
Although Bell, and still, is accused of stealing a phone call from Gray, Bell uses Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent has been awarded, and only as evidence of a conceptual scientific experiment, to prove his own satisfaction which is understood to be "articulate speech" (Bell's words) can be transmitted electrically. After March 1876, Bell focused on upgrading the electromagnetic phone and never using Gray's liquid transmitters in public demonstrations or commercial use.
The priority question for the variable resistance feature of the phone was raised by the examiner before he approved the Bell patent application. He told Bell that his claim for a variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's warning. Bell points to a variable resistance device in earlier Bell applications where Bell describes a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had applied for mercury at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his warning, and since he was not opposed to Bell's priority, the reviewers approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had rediscovered the variable resistance phone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it on the phone.
The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in a written statement that he was an alcoholic who owed much to Bell's lawyer Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claims he shows patent warnings Gray to Bailey. Wilber also claims (after Bell arrives in Washington DC from Boston) that he shows Gray's warning to Bell and that Bell pays him $ 100. Bell claims that they discuss patents only in generic terms, though in a letter to Gray, Bell admits he learned some technical details. Bell denied in a written statement that he ever gave Wilber the money.
Next development
Continuing his experiment at Brantford, Bell took home his phone work model. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant, five miles (eight km) from Brantford, Bell sent a telegram while indicating that he was ready. With curious people coming into the office as a witness, a faint sound was heard replying. The following night, he made the guests and his family fascinated when a message was received at Bell's home from Brantford, four miles (six kilometers) long, along the wire assembled along telegraph lines and fences, and through a tunnel. This time, the guests in the household clearly heard people in Brantford read and sing. This experiment clearly proves that the phone can work remotely.
Bell and his colleagues, Hubbard and Sanders, offer to sell the patent directly to Western Union for $ 100,000. Western Union President balked, saying the phone was a toy. Two years later, he told his colleagues that if he could get a patent for $ 25 million, he would think of it as a bargain. At that time, Bell's company no longer wanted to sell patents. Investor Bell will become a millionaire while he fared well from the residual and at one point had assets of nearly a million dollars.
Bell embarked on a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce this new discovery to the scientific community as well as the general public. Sometime later, an early prototype phone demonstration at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the phone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition include Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later, Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate this discovery privately to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a famous Scottish scientist, and Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her home on the Isle of Wight. He called the demonstration "the most extraordinary". Enthusiasm around Bell's public display lays the groundwork for universal acceptance of revolutionary devices.
The Bell Telephone Company was founded in 1877, and in 1886, more than 150,000 people were on US phones. Bell Engineers made many other improvements to the phone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell Company acquired Edison's patent for a carbon microphone from Western Union. This makes the phone practical for longer distances, and no longer need to shout to be heard on the recipient's phone.
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil was the first to buy a stake in the Bell company, the Bell Telephone Company. One of the first calls in a private residence was installed in his palace in PetrÃÆ'³polis, his summer resort forty miles from Rio de Janeiro.
In January 1915, Bell made a telephone call across the continent. Calling from AT & AT headquarters at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:
On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson spoke by phone to each other through a two-mile cable stretching between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two people spoke by phone to each other via a 3,400 mile cable between New York and San Francisco. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, a former colleague, was on the other side of the continent.
Competitors
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors working on the phone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges against its patents, including five sent to the US Supreme Court, but nothing succeeded in setting priorities over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that has progressed to the test phase try the end. Bell's laboratory records and family letters are key to building long lineages for his experiments. The company's lawyer Bell managed to fight many of the lawsuits that were initially generated by challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, Gray and Dolbear have acknowledged previous work, which greatly weakens their claims later on.
On January 13, 1887, the Government of the U.S. moved to cancel the patent issued to Bell on the basis of fraud and misinterpretation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, although some original claims from the lower courts could not be decided. By the time the trial injured his way through nine years of legal battle, US prosecutors had died and two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876, and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer true, even though the presiding judge agreed to continue the process because the importance of the case as a precedent. With changes in administration and alleged conflicts of interest (on both sides) arising from the original hearing, the US Attorney General dismissed the lawsuit on November 30, 1897, leaving behind some unresolved issues regarding its merits.
During the deposition submitted for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working phone model in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took a position as a witness in the hope of establishing the priority of his invention. Meucci's testimony in this case is debated because of the lack of material evidence for his invention, as his work model was supposedly lost in the laboratory of the American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was subsequently incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period that, based on previous acoustic principles and despite previous experimental evidence, the final case involving Meucci eventually fell on Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the US House of Representatives on June 11, 2002, stated that "Meucci's work in the invention of the telephone must be acknowledged". This does not end the issue that is still being debated. Some modern scholars disagree with the claim that Bell's work on the phone is influenced by the discovery of Meucci.
The value of Bell patents is recognized worldwide, and patent applications are made in most countries, but when Bell suspends German patent applications, Siemens & amp; Halske (S & amp; H) founded a Bell phone competitor manufacturer under their own patent. The Siemens company produces a copy of an almost identical Bell phone without paying royalties. The establishment of the International Telephone Company Bell in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated global telephone operations. The tension Bell imposed by his constant appearance in court, demanded by a legal battle, ultimately resulted in his resignation from the company.
Family life
On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was founded, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857-1923) at Hubbard's estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her wedding gift for the bride was to hand over 1,487 of her 1,497 shares at the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly after, the newlyweds embark on a year-round honeymoon in Europe. During that visit, Bell took a handmade model from his phone with him, making it a "day off work". The courtship had begun many years before; However, Bell waits until he is safer financially before marriage. Although the phone seems to be an "instant" success, it was initially not a profitable venture and Bell's main source of income came from college until after 1897. One unusual request demanded by his fiancée was that he used "Alec" instead of the familiar family name "Aleck ". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They have four children:
- Elsie May Bell (1878-1964) who married Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor of National Geographic fame.
- Marian Hubbard Bell (1880-1962) referred to as "Daisy". Married to David Fairchild.
- Two sons who died in infancy (Edward in 1881 and Robert in 1883).
The Bell family was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C.; in 1882 he bought a house in the same town for the Bell family, so they could be with him while he attended many court cases involving patent disputes.
Bell was an English subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 when he became a naturalized United States citizen. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those Americans written with hyphens who claim loyalty to two states." Despite this statement, Bell has proudly claimed to be "the real son" by the three countries he lives in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
In 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bell family vacationed to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time in the small village of Baddeck. Back in 1886, Bell began to build a plantation at a point across from Baddeck, facing Lake Bras d'Or. In 1889, a large house, baptized The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger building complex, including a new laboratory, began that Bell would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain ) after the Bell Bell ancestral plateau. Bell also built Bell Boatyard on a plantation, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and cruises for the Bell family. He was an enthusiastic fighter, and Bell and his family sailed or rowed a series of long boats in Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional ships from H.W. Ride and ride the boat in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In the final, and most productive years, Bell divides his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially lived for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent an increasing amount of time.
Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between two houses, but Beinn Bhreagh would, for the next 30 years, be more than a summer home when Bell became so engrossed in his experiments. that his term is extended. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own". The Bells still lived in Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized communities to help victims in Halifax.
Next discovery
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with telephone invention, his interests vary widely. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work revolves around "unfettered in the scientific landscape" and he often goes to bed gallantly reading the EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica, exploring for exciting new areas. The range of inventive genius Bell is represented only partially by 18 patents granted on its behalf alone and 12 that it shares with its collaborators. These include 14 for telephones and telegraphs, four for photophone, one for phonograph, five for air vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes", and two for selenium cells. Bell's findings cover a wide range of interests and include a metal jacket to help breathe, an audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device for finding icebergs, investigate how to separate salt from seawater, and work to find alternative fuels.
Bell worked extensively in medical research and created techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory, Bell and his colleagues regarded the impressive magnetic field on the recording as a means of reproducing sound. Although all three of them briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing that they have seen the basic principles that one day will find its application in tape recorders, hard disks and floppy disk drives, and other magnetic media.
Bell's own home uses a primitive form of air conditioning, where fans breathe airflow across large blocks of ice. He also anticipates modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from agricultural and factory waste. In Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with toilets and composting equipment to extract water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat the house.
Photophone
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly found a cordless phone, called a photophone, which allowed normal human voice and speech transmitting to a beam of light. The two men then became full partners at the Volta Laboratory Association.
On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant sent a far enough wireless voice telephone message, from the Franklin School rooftop in Washington, DC, to Bell in his lab window, about 213 meters (700 feet), 19 years before the first voice radio transmission.
Bell believed the photophone principles were his "greatest achievements" of life, notifying a journalist shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest discovery I ever made, bigger than the phone". The photophone is a precursor for fiber-optic communication systems that achieved popular use worldwide in the 1980s. The parent patent was published in December 1880, several decades before the principles of photophone became popular.
Metal detector
Bell was also credited with developing one of the earliest versions of metal detectors in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an effort to find bullets in the body of US President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked perfectly in the test but did not find the killer bullet partly because the metal bed frame where the President lay lying on the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's request to move the president to a bed that was not equipped with metal springs. As an alternative, although Bell has detected little noise on its first test, the bullet may have been put too deep to be detected by the raw tool.
Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in some respects from the vastly varied and varied versions currently in circulation, concluding that foreign metal can not be blamed for the failure to find bullets. Bewildered by the strange results obtained during Garfield's examination, Bell "proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning... to make sure from the surgeon whether they were so confident that all the metal had been removed from the bed environment.It was then recalled that under the horse's hair mattress in where the President lay is another mattress made up of steel wire. After getting a duplicate, the mattress was found to be composed of a kind of woven steel wire mesh, with a massive trap, a very small area, compared to the bed area, it seems reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress did not produce any detrimental effect. "In a footnote, Bell added," Garfield President's death and post-mortem examination, however, prove that the bullet was too far off the surface to influence our apparatus. "
Hydrofoils
Article March 1906 Scientific American by American pioneer William E. Meacham explains the basic principles of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considers the invention of the plane as a very significant achievement. Based on the information obtained from the article, he started sketching out what concept is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin started a hydrofoil experiment in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to take off the plane from the water. Baldwin studied the work of Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing the model. It took him and Bell into the development of practical hydrofoil boats.
During his 1910-11 world tour, Bell and Baldwin met Forlanini in France. They drove a Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as smooth as flying. On his return to Baddeck, a number of early concepts were built as experimental models, including Dhonnas Beag (Scottish Gaelic for little devils ), Bell-Baldwin who first pushed himself. hydrofoil. The experimental boat is essentially a prototype proof-concept that culminates in a larger HD-4, powered by a Renault engine. The highest speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) is achieved, with hydrofoil showing rapid acceleration, good stability, and steering, along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a cruise ship designer and builder in Sydney and owner of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work at the HD-4 pontoon. Pinaud soon took over the shipyard at Bell Laboratories in Beinn Bhreagh, a Bell plantation near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in shipbuilding enabled him to make useful design changes to HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on HD-4. Bell reports to the US Navy allowed him to acquire two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world sea speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometers per hour ), a record that stood for ten years.
Aeronautics
In 1891, Bell had begun an experiment to develop heavier-weight aircraft from motors. The AEA was first formed when Bell shared a vision to fly with his wife, who advised him to seek "young" help because Bell was 60 years old.
In 1898, Bell experimented with a tetrahedral box kite and wings made of several marine silk tetrahedral compounds. The tetrahedral wing is named Cygnet I, II, and III, and flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. Some Bell bells are on display at Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.
Bell is a proponent of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Aerials Association (AEA), officially established in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with financial support after the sale of some of his real estate. The AEA is led by Bell and the founding members are four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title of "the world's fastest man", after riding a self-built motorcycle in a short period of time, and later was awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometer flight in the Western Hemisphere, and which later became a world-renowned aircraft manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, official observer of the US Federal government and one of the few people in the military who believe that aviation is the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and British first subject to pilot public flights in Hammondsport, New York, and J. A.D. McCurdy-Baldwin and McCurdy became new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.
The AEA work evolves into a heavy-from-air machine, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, above Lake Keuka, the biplane was lifted on the first public flight in North America. Innovations incorporated into this design include cockpit cages and tail steering (later variations on the original design will add ailerons as controls). One of the AEA discoveries, the practical wingtip shape of the aileron, is a standard component in all aircraft. The White Wing and June Bug must follow and by the end of 1908, more than 150 non-accidental flights had been carried out. However, the AEA has spent its initial reserves and only a $ 15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell that allowed him to continue his experiment. Lieutenant Selfridge was also the first person killed in a heavier flight of air in a Wright Flyer collision in Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.
Their final plane design, Silver Dart , manifests all the advances found in previous machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as a Silver Dart flown by J. A. D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or making the first plane flight in Canada. Bell worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for the doctor to be in hand. With a successful flight, the AEA is dissolved and Silver Dart will return to Baldwin and McCurdy who started the Canadian Aerodrome Company and will then demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.
Eugenics
Bell is connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoirs on the formation of various deaf human races presented to the National Academy of Sciences on 13 November 1883, he noted that parents of congenital deafness are more likely to produce deaf children and meanwhile suggest that couples where both sides of deaf should not be married. However, it was his farming hobby that led to his appointment to Biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the aegis of the American Breeders Association. The committee firmly extends that principle to humans. From 1912 to 1918, he was chairman of the scientific advisory board for the Eugenic Office of Notes associated with the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second Eugenic International Congress held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Such organizations advocate passing legislation (successfully in some states) that establish mandatory sterilization against those deemed, as their Bell calls, "various defective human beings". By the late 1930s, about half the US states had eugenic laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for Nazi Germany.
Inheritance and honor
Honors and tribute flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his discoveries became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received various honors from colleges and universities to the point that the demand was almost burdensome. During his life, he also received dozens of awards, medals, and other awards. These included statue monuments for him and a new form of communication his phone made, including the Bell Telephone Memorial that was established in his honor at Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondences, notebooks, papers, and other documents are in the United States Library of Congress Manuscript (as Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, University of the Cape Breton, Nova Scotia; the main parts available for online viewing.
A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. Among the main sites are:
- Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, maintained by Parks Canada, which incorporates the Alexander Graham Bell Museum, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, close to the Bell estate Beinn Bhreagh
- Bell Homestead National Historic Site, including Bell's family home, "Melville House", and farm overlooking Brantford, Ontario and the Grand River. It was their first home in North America;
- The first telephone company building in Canada, "Henderson Home" in the late 1870s, the predecessor of the Canadian Bell Telephone Company (officially leased in 1880). In 1969, the building was carefully moved to the Bell Homestead National Historic Site in Brantford, Ontario, and updated to become a telephone museum. The Bell Homestead, the Henderson Home telephone museum, and the National Historic Site reception center are all staffed by the Bell Homestead Society;
- The Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, featuring an extensive neoclassical monument built in 1917 by public subscriptions. This monument illustrates the human ability to reach the world through telecommunications;
- The Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), part of Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site completed in 1978 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Many museum artifacts donated by Bell's daughter;
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a wallet of 50,000 francs (about US $ 260,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from Acadà ©  © nie franÃÆ'§aise, representing the French government. Among the rated figures are Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and was named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third major prize in its history. As Bell became more and more prosperous, he used his prize money to create endowment funds ('Dana Volta') and institutions in and around the capital city of Washington, DC. These include the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory and < eventually leading to the Volta Bureau (1887) as the center of studies on deafness that still operates in Georgetown, Washington, DC The Volta laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the following year he enhanced Edison's phonograph by replacing wax for tinfoil as a recording medium and incised the recording instead of mengindokasinya, key upgrade which is then adopted by Edison. The laboratory is also the place where he and his colleagues found their "proudest accomplishments", "photophone", "optical telephones" showing fiber optic communications while the Volta Bureau will evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell), a leading center for research and deaf pedagogy.
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish a Science publication in the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected president of both the National National Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the widespread use of illustrations, including photography, in magazines. He also served for many years as the Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898-1922). The French government gave him the decoration of LÃ © gion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); The Royal Society of Arts in London gave him the Albert Medal in 1902; The University of WÃÆ'¼rzburg, Bavaria, gave him a PhD, and he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal at the Franklin Institute in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineering in 1884 and served as its president from 1891-92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".
The bell (B) and the smaller decibels (dB) are the sound intensity measurement units created by Bell Labs and named after them. Since 1976, IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded in honor of outstanding contributions in the telecommunications field.
In 1936, the US Patent Office declared Bell the first in the list of the country's largest inventors, causing the US Post Office to issue a warning mark honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous American Series'. The First Issue Day ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, where Bell spent a lot of time researching and working with deaf people. Bell stamps became very popular and sold out in no time. Cap became and remains to this day, the most precious of the series.
Bell's 150th birthday in 1997 was marked by a special edition of the £ 1 bills of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations behind the note include Bell's face in his profile, his signature, and the objects of Bell's life and careers: phone users for centuries; audio wave signal; diagram of the telephone receiver; geometric shapes of engineering structures; representation of sign language and phonetic alphabet; geese that helped him understand the flight; and sheep that he learned to understand genetics. In addition, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a gold coin of C $ 100, in tribute as well for its 150th birthday, and with silver dollar coins in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the flight in Canada. The first flight was made by an aircraft designed under the supervision of Dr. Bell, named Silver Dart. Bell's image, as well as many of his inventions has graced bills, coins, and stamps in various countries around the world for decades.
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Great Britons (2002) in the BBC's worldwide polls, and among the Top Ten Favorites Canada (2004), and 100 Largest Americans (2005). In 2006, Bell was also named one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after being enrolled in the National Library of Scottish Science Hall of Fame. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutions, company names, street names and places around the world.
Honors
Alexander Graham Bell, who was unable to complete a university program in his youth, received at least a dozen honorary degrees from academic institutions, including eight LL.Ds honors (Doctor of Law), two Ph.D., D.Sc., and an MD:
- Gallaudet College (later named National Deaf-Mute College) in Washington, D.C. (Ph.D.) in 1880
- University of WÃÆ'¼rzburg in WÃÆ'¼rzburg, Bavaria (Ph.D.) in 1882
- University of Heidelberg in Heidelberg, Germany (M.D.) in 1886
- Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (LL.D.) in 1896
- Illinois College, in Jacksonville, Illinois (LL.D.) in 1896, possibly 1881
- Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts (LL.D.) in 1901
- St. Andrew's University in St Andrews, Scotland (LL.D) in 1902
- Oxford University in Oxford, England (D.Sc.) in 1906
- University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland (LL.D.) in 1906
- George Washington University in Washington, D.C. (LL.D.) in 1913
- Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada (LL.D.) in 1908
- Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire (LL.D.) in 1913, possibly 1914
Innovators are rewarded for their name
- The Aegis Graham Bell Award is required to acknowledge good work by innovators in India. Since 2010, awards have been given to innovators in the IT and Telecommunications sector. Companies like Mahendra Tech, Data Infosys, CDOT, Infosys, etc. Has been awarded for the same.
Images in movies and television
- The 1939 movie The Story of Alexander Graham Bell is based on his life and work.
- The 1992 Film The Sound and the Silence is a TV movie.
- Biography aired an episode of Alexander Graham Bell: Voice of Invention on August 6, 1996.
- Eyewitness No. 90 Great Discoverer Remembered , a short 1957 NFB about Bell.
Death
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at the age of 75. Bell also suffers from pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he occupied was with the moonlight on his land on the mountain at 2:00. While taking care of him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Do not leave me." In return, Bell signed "no...", lost consciousness, and died shortly thereafter.
Upon learning of Bell's death, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King called Mrs. Bell, said:
My colleagues in the Government join me in revealing to you our feelings about the loss of the world because of the death of your esteemed husband. It will never be a source of pride for our country that this great discovery, with which its name is attributed eternally, is part of its history. On behalf of Canadians, may I convey to you our expressive gratitude and sympathy.
The Bell coffin was constructed from Beinn Bhreagh pine by its laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in its tetrahedral kite experiment. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (traditional funeral) colors while attending the service, where soloist Jean MacDonald sang a stitch "Requiem" by Robert Louis Stevenson:
- Under a wide and starry sky,
- Dig a grave and let me lie.
- Glad I live and happily die
- And I laid me down with a will.
After Bell's funeral ended, "every phone in the North American continent is silenced in honor of the person who has given mankind the means to direct communication in the distance".
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell is buried on top of Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his property where he has lived longer for the last 35 years of his life, facing Lake Bras d'Or. He survived by his wife, Mabel, two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine grandchildren.
See also
References
Note
Quote
Bibliography
Further reading
- Mullett, Mary B. The Story of a Famous Inventor. New York: Rogers and Fowle, 1921.
- Walters, Eric. Mystery of Hydrofoil . Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Puffin Books, 1999. ISBNÃ, 0-14-130220-8.
- Winzer, Margret A. History of Special Education: From Isolation to Integration . Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 1993. ISBNÃ, 978-1-56368-018-2.
External links
- Alexander Graham Bell Institute at Cape Breton University
- Bell Telephone Memorial, Brantford, Ontario
- Bell Homestead National Historic Site, Brantford, Ontario
- Alexander Graham Bell Canada's National Historic Site, Baddeck, Nova Scotia
- Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress
- Alexander Graham Bell - Memoirs Biography from the National Academy of Sciences
- Biography at Canadian Online Biography Dictionary
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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