The Bell System was the system of companies, led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by AT&T, which provided telephone services to much of the United States and Canada from 1877 to 1984, at various times as a monopoly. On December 31, 1983, the system was divided into independent companies by a U.S. Justice Department mandate.
The general public in the United States often used the colloquial term Ma Bell (as in "Mother Bell") to refer to any aspect of this conglomerate, as it held a near-complete monopoly over telephone service in most areas of the country, and is still used by many to refer to any telephone company. Ma Bell is also used to refer to the various female voices in recordings for the Bell System: Mary Moore, Jane Barbe, and Pat Fleet, the current voice of AT&T.
Video Bell System
History
In 1877, the American Bell Telephone Company, named after Alexander Graham Bell, opened the first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut. Within a few years local exchange companies were established in every major city in the United States. Use of the Bell System name initially referred to those early telephone franchises and eventually comprised all telephone companies owned by American Telephone & Telegraph, referred to internally as associated companies, regional holding companies, or later Bell operating companies (BOCs).
In 1899, American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) acquired the assets of its parent, the American Bell Telephone Company. American Bell had created AT&T to provide long-distance calls between New York and Chicago and beyond. AT&T became the parent of American Bell Telephone Company, and thus the head of the Bell System, because regulatory and tax rules were leaner in New York than in Boston, where American Bell was headquartered. Later, the Bell System and its moniker "Ma Bell" became a term that referred generally to all AT&T companies of which there were four major divisions:
- AT&T Long Lines, providing long lines to interconnect local exchanges and long-distance calling services
- Western Electric Company, Bell's equipment manufacturing arm
- Bell Labs, conducting research and development for AT&T
- Bell operating companies, providing local exchange telephone services.
In 1913, the federal government challenged the Bell System's growing monopoly over the phone system under AT&T ownership in an anti-trust suit, leading to the Kingsbury Commitment. Under the commitment, AT&T escaped break-up or nationalization in exchange for divesting itself of Western Union and allowing non-competing independent telephone companies to interconnect with its long-distance network. After 1934, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) assumed regulation of AT&T. Proliferation of telephone service allowed the company to become the largest corporation in the world until its dismantling by the United States Department of Justice in 1984, at which time the Bell System ceased to exist.
Formation under Bell patent
Receiving a U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone on March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877, which in 1885 became AT&T.
When Bell's original patent expired 15 years later in 1894, the telephone market opened to competition and 6,000 new telephone companies started while the Bell Telephone company took a significant financial downturn.
On April 30, 1907, Theodore Newton Vail returned as President of AT&T. Vail believed in the superiority of one national telephone system and AT&T adopted the slogan "One Policy, One System, Universal Service." This became the company's philosophy for the next 70 years. Under Vail, AT&T began acquiring many of the smaller telephone companies including Western Union telegraph. Anxious to avoid action from government antitrust suits, AT&T entered into an agreement known as the Kingsbury Commitment with the federal government.
Kingsbury Commitment
Following a government antitrust suit in 1913, AT&T agreed to the Kingsbury Commitment in which AT&T would sell its $30 million in Western Union stock, allow competitors to interconnect with its system, and not acquire other independent companies without permission from the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
The Bell trademark pictured here was used from 1921 through 1939 by both the AT&T corporation and the regional operating corporations to co-brand themselves under a single Bell System trademark. The regional operating corporation's name was placed where "name of associated company" appears in this template version of the trademark.
Nationwide monopoly
Bell system telephones and related equipment were made by Western Electric, a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T Co. Member telephone companies paid a fixed fraction of their revenues as a license fee to Bell Labs.
As a result of this vertical monopoly, by 1940 the Bell System effectively owned most telephone service in the United States, from local and long-distance service to the telephones themselves. This allowed Bell to prohibit its customers from connecting phones not made or sold by Bell to the system without paying fees. For example, if a customer desired a type of phone not leased by the local Bell monopoly, he or she had to purchase the phone at cost, give it to the phone company, then pay a 're-wiring' charge and a monthly lease fee in order to use it.
In 1949, the United States Department of Justice alleged in an antitrust lawsuit that AT&T and the Bell System operating companies were using their near-monopoly in telecommunications to attempt to establish unfair advantage in related technologies. The outcome was a 1956 consent decree limiting AT&T to 85% of the United States' national telephone network and certain government contracts, and from continuing to hold interests in Canada and the Caribbean. The Bell System's Canadian operations included the Bell Canada regional operating company and the Northern Electric manufacturing subsidiary of the Bell System's Western Electric equipment manufacturer. Western Electric divested Northern Electric in 1956, but AT&T did not divest itself of Bell Canada until 1975. ITT Corporation, then known as International Telephone & Telegraph Co. purchased the Bell System's Caribbean regional operating companies.
The Bell System also owned various Caribbean regional operating companies, as well as 54% of Japan's NEC and a post-World War II reconstruction relationship with NTT before the 1956 boundaries were emplaced. Before 1956, the Bell System's reach was truly gargantuan. Even during the period from 1956 to 1984, the Bell System's dominant reach into all forms of communications was pervasive within the United States and influential in telecommunication standardization throughout the industrialized world.
The 1984 Bell System divestiture brought an end to the affiliation branded as the Bell System. It resulted from another antitrust lawsuit filed by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1974, alleging illegal practices by the Bell System companies to stifle competition in the telecommunications industry. The parties settled the suit on January 8, 1982, superseding the former restrictions that AT&T and the DOJ had agreed upon in 1956.
Maps Bell System
Present-day usage of the Bell name
The Bell System service marks, including the circled-bell logo, especially as redesigned by Saul Bass in 1969, and the words Bell System in text, were used before January 1, 1984, when the AT&T divestiture of its regional operating companies took effect. Currently, the word mark Bell, the logo, and other related trademarks, are held by each of the remaining Bell companies, namely AT&T, Verizon, CenturyLink, and Cincinnati Bell. International rights to the marks, except for Canada, are held by a joint venture of these companies, Bell IP Holdings.
Of the various resulting 1984 spinoffs, only BellSouth actively used and promoted the Bell name and logo during its entire history, from the 1984 break-up to its merger with the new AT&T in 2006. Similarly, cessation of using either the Bell name or logo occurred for many of the other companies more than a decade after the 1984 break-up as part of an acquisition-related rebranding. The others have only used the marks on rare occasions to maintain their trademark rights, even less now that they have adopted names conceived long after divestiture. Examples include Verizon, which still used the Bell logo on its trucks and payphones until it updated its own logo in 2015, and Qwest, formerly US West, which licenses the Northwestern Bell and Mountain Bell names to Unical Enterprises, who makes telephones under the Northwestern Bell name.
Cincinnati Bell, a local franchise of the Bell System that was never wholly owned by AT&T and existed separately prior to 1984, also continues to use the Bell name. It stopped using the Bell logo in the summer of 2006, though it is still seen on some bills, vehicles, and other literature.
In 1984, each regional Bell operating company was assigned a set list of names it was allowed to use in combination with the Bell marks. Aside from Cincinnati Bell, all these Bell System names have disappeared from the United States business landscape. Southwestern Bell used both the Bell name and the circled-bell trademark until SBC opted for all of its companies to do business under the "SBC" name in 2002. Bell Atlantic used the Bell name and circled-bell trademark until renaming itself Verizon in 2000. Pacific Bell continued operating in California under that name (or the shortened "PacBell" nickname) until SBC purchased it.
In Canada, Bell Canada (divested from AT&T in 1975) continues to use the Bell name. For the decades that Nortel was named Northern Telecom, its research and development arm was Bell Northern Research. Bell Canada and its holding-company parent, Bell Canada Enterprises, still use the Bell name and used variations of the circled-bell logo until 1977, which until 1976 strongly resembled the 1921 to 1939 Bell System trademark shown above.
Subsidiaries
Pre-1956 international holdings
Before the 1956 break-up, the Bell System included the companies listed below, plus those listed in the pre-1984 section. Northern Electric, and the Caribbean regional operating companies were considered part of the Bell System proper before the 1956 break-up. Nippon Electric was considered a more distant affiliate of Western Electric than Northern Electric, where Nippon Electric via its own research and development adapted the designs of Western Electric's North American telecommunications equipment for use in Japan, which to this day gives much of Japan's telephone equipment and network a closer resemblance to North American ANSI and Telcordia standards than to European-originated ITU-T standards. Before the 1956 break-up, Northern Electric was predominantly focused only on manufacturing, without any significant amount of telecommunication-equipment research & development of its own. The post-World War II-occupation operation of Japan's NTT was considered an administrative adjunct to the North American Bell System.
- Nortel Networks Corporation, formerly Northern Telecom, an equipment-manufacturing company
- Northern Electric, a former telecommunications equipment-manufacturing subsidiary of Western Electric
- Dominion Electric, a former recording equipment-manufacturing company
- Various former Caribbean regional operating companies, sold to ITT
- NEC, a currently existing equipment-manufacturing company in Japan
- Nippon Electric, a former telecommunications equipment-manufacturing company 54% owned by Western Electric
- NTT, a currently existing telecommunications company in Japan that was administered by AT&T as part of General Douglas MacArthur's post-WWII reconstruction
Pre-1984 breakup
Immediately before the 1984 break-up, the Bell System had the following corporate structure:
- American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a holding company and long-distance carrier
- Illinois Bell Telephone Company
- Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Incorporated
- Michigan Bell Telephone Company
- New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
- New Jersey Bell Telephone Company
- New York Telephone Company
- Northwestern Bell Telephone Company
- Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company
- South Central Bell Telephone Company
- Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Southwestern Bell Telephone Company
- The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
- The Diamond State Telephone Company
- The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Malheur Home Telephone Company
- The Ohio Bell Telephone Company
- The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
- Wisconsin Telephone Company
- Other subsidiaries:
- Bell Canada (1880-1975)
- Northern Electric (equipment manufacturing in Canada) (1914-1956)
- Western Electric Co., Inc. (equipment manufacturing)
- Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (R&D (research & development), co-owned between AT&T and Western Electric)
- Cincinnati Bell, Inc. (22.7% owned)
- The Southern New England Telephone Company (16.8% owned)
- Bellcomm, Inc. (1963-1972; formed to support the Apollo program)
- Bell Canada (1880-1975)
1984
On January 1, 1984, the former components of the Bell System were structured into the following companies, which became known as the Baby Bells.
- American Information Technologies Corporation, branded as Ameritech
- Illinois Bell Telephone Company
- Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Incorporated
- Michigan Bell Telephone Company
- The Ohio Bell Telephone Company
- Wisconsin Bell, Inc.
- American Telephone and Telegraph Company
- AT&T Communications, Inc.
- AT&T Information Systems, Inc.
- AT&T Technologies, Inc.
- Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
- Bell Atlantic Corporation
- New Jersey Bell Telephone Company
- The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
- The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
- The Diamond State Telephone Company
- Bell Communications Research, Inc., owned equally by all the Baby Bells
- BellSouth Corporation
- Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company
- South Central Bell Telephone Company
- Cincinnati Bell, Inc.
- Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company
- NYNEX Corporation
- New York Telephone Company
- New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Pacific Telesis Group
- Pacific Bell Telephone Company
- Nevada Bell Telephone Company
- Pacific Bell Telephone Company
- Southwestern Bell Corporation
- Southwestern Bell Telephone Company
- The Southern New England Telephone Company
- U S WEST, Inc.
- Northwestern Bell Telephone Company
- Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company
- The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Malheur Home Telephone Company
Today
After 1984, there were multiple mergers of the operating companies themselves, as well as multiple Baby Bells that came together, and some components are now in the hands of companies independent from the historic Bell System. The structure of the companies today is as follows.
- Remaining "Regional Bell Operating Companies"
- AT&T Inc., a currently existing holding company
- AT&T Corp., a current subsidiary
- AT&T Teleholdings, Inc. (formerly Ameritech Corporation), a current subsidiary, also includes now defunct Pacific Telesis
- Illinois Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC
- Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Incorporated, a currently existing regional LEC
- Michigan Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC
- Pacific Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC
- Nevada Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC, omitted from the MFJ
- The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC
- Wisconsin Bell, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- BellSouth Corporation, a current subsidiary. Its two operating companies merged into one:
- BellSouth Telecommunications, LLC, a currently existing regional LEC, includes Southern Bell & South Central Bell
- Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Communications, Inc., formerly Bell Atlantic Corporation, a currently existing holding company
- NYNEX Corporation, a former RBOC holding company
- Verizon New England, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon New York, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Delaware LLC, a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Maryland, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon New Jersey, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Pennsylvania, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Washington, D.C., Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- Verizon Virginia, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC
- NYNEX Corporation, a former RBOC holding company
- CenturyLink, Inc., a currently existing independent LEC holding company
- Qwest Communications International, Inc., a holding company acquired in 2011; originally a non-Bell company, acquired and merged U S WEST in 2000.
- Qwest Services Corporation, a holding company within the Qwest corporate structure
- Qwest Corporation, a currently existing regional LEC, originally Mountain Bell, includes defunct Malheur Bell, Northwestern Bell, Pacific Northwest Bell
- Qwest Services Corporation, a holding company within the Qwest corporate structure
- Qwest Communications International, Inc., a holding company acquired in 2011; originally a non-Bell company, acquired and merged U S WEST in 2000.
- Other "Bell Operating Companies"
The following telephone companies are considered independent of the Baby Bells:
- Cincinnati Bell, Inc., a currently existing independent LEC holding company
- Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company LLC, a currently existing LEC of which AT&T owned 27.8% before 1984 and thus was left separate in the 1984 break-up
- FairPoint Communications, Inc., a currently existing independent LEC holding company
- Northern New England Telephone Operations LLC, a regional LEC created when Verizon New England lines in Maine and New Hampshire were sold to FairPoint in 2008
- Telephone Operating Company of Vermont LLC, a regional LEC created when Verizon New England lines in Vermont were sold to FairPoint in 2008
- Northern New England Telephone Operations LLC, a regional LEC created when Verizon New England lines in Maine and New Hampshire were sold to FairPoint in 2008
- Frontier Communications Corporation, a currently existing independent LEC holding company
- Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings, Inc., an LEC holding company created by Verizon and sold to Frontier in 2010
- Frontier West Virginia, Inc., a currently existing regional LEC, formerly C&P Telephone of West Virginia
- The Southern New England Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC that AT&T owned 16.8% of before 1984 and thus was left separate by the 1984 break-up
- Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings, Inc., an LEC holding company created by Verizon and sold to Frontier in 2010
- Other "Bell System" companies
The following companies were divested after 1984 from AT&T Corp. or the Baby Bells and do not provide telephone service.
- Lucent Technologies, a research and equipment manufacturing company spun-off in 1995; merged with French company Alcatel in 2006 to form Alcatel-Lucent which was acquired by Finland's Nokia Corporation in 2016
- Western Electric Company, Incorporated, a former telecommunications and recording equipment-manufacturing company that ceased to have that name as of the 1984 break-up
- Alcatel-Lucent Bell, a subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent that was founded in Antwerp, Belgium in 1882, by Western Electric; came into Alcatel-Lucent ownership via ITT and Alcatel
- Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., the former AT&T-corporate research unit known as Bell Labs: also spun-off to Lucent Technologies, became Nokia Bell Labs in 2016
- Western Electric Company, Incorporated, a former telecommunications and recording equipment-manufacturing company that ceased to have that name as of the 1984 break-up
- Avaya, Inc., a currently-existing equipment manufacturing company spun-off from Lucent in 2000
- LSI Corporation, a currently existing holding company
- Agere Systems, incorporated in 2000, the former Micro Electronics subsidiary of Lucent; was then spun-off in 2002 and acquired by LSI in 2007
- Systimax Solutions, the Western Electric Structured Cabling unit, once known as AT&T Network Systems was spun-off from Avaya in 2002 and is now part of CommScope
- Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson, a Swedish communications company
- Telcordia Technologies, Inc., a currently existing research company, formerly known as Bell Communications Research (Bellcore)
Beginning in 1991, the Baby Bells began to consolidate operations or legally rename their Bell Operating Companies according to the parent company name, such as "Bell Atlantic - Delaware, Inc." or "U S WEST Communications, Inc.", to unify their corporate images.
See also
- Bell Telephone Memorial
- Independent telephone company
- RBOC (Regional Bell Operating Company)
- The Telephone Cases
References
External links
- Bell.com
- Bell System Memorial
- Blue Bell Telephone Sign History -- New England Telephone and Telegraph
- Archive of Bell System Intercept Messages
- AT&T Corporation (1885-2005 company) History
- BellSouth vs. FCC -- reference for company names
- USPTO -- see trademark database
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments